ANU/JL 


r 


I 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


--  ja^f      4*  • 


w> 

iflpsi 


1.0.  BAKER 
EB 


PHONETIC  SHORTHAND. 


ALPHABET. 

CONSONANTS. 

DUPLICATES. 

NAME. 

sorxn. 

NAME. 

SOrXI). 

Pe 
Be 

\ 
\ 

P     in  PIP 
B     in  BIB 

Iss 
Ses 

1st 

o 
0 
O 

S       in  BLISS 
Ses    in  BASES 
St      in  BLAST 

Te 

| 

T     in  TIGHT 

Ster 

Ster  in  ULSTER 

De 
Chay 

Jav 

1 

D     in  DIED 
CHin  ETCH 
J      in  EDGE 

Ye 
We 

3 

Y       in  YOKE 
W      in  WALK 

LONG 

VOWELS. 

Kay 

Gay 

— 

K     in  KICK 
G     in  GIG 

E 
A 

• 

as  in  BEAT 
as  in  BAIT 

Ef 

^ 

F     in  FIFE 

AH 

. 

as  in  BALM 

Ve 

v^ 

V     in  VIVE 

AW 

as  in  BOUGHT 

Ith 

( 

THin  THIN 

0 

- 

as  in  BOAT 

The 
Es 

> 

J 

THin  THEN 
S      in  HISS 

00 

j 

- 

as  in  BOOT 

*HORT  VOWELS. 

Ze 

) 

Z      in  HIS 

I 

as  in  BIT 

Ish 

^ 

SH  in.  ASSURE 

E 

as  in  BET 

Zhe 

J 

ZH  in  AZURE 

A 

as  in  BAT 

Lay 

r 

L     in  LEAL 

6 

as  in  BOG 

Ar 

^ 

R     in  ROAR 

u 

- 

as  in  BUN 

Bay 

Em 
En 

Yay 
Way 

X 

R     in  ROAR 
M    in  MAIM 
X     in  NUN 
Y     in  YEA 
W    in  WAY 

66 

r 

01 

DJ 

V 
A 

as  in  FOOT 

PI 

[THONGS. 
as  in  BITE 
as  in  BOIL 

Hay 

^ 

H     in  HAY 

ow 

A 

as  in  BOUT 

Ing 

^ 

NG  in  SOXC 

EW 

- 

•AS  in  BREW 

PHONETIC  SHORTHAND. 


A  MANUAL  FOR  THE  USE  OF  SCHOOLS  AND 
PRIVATE  STUDENTS. 


BY  WILLIAM  W.  OSGOODBY, 

i'KNTY  SINK     YEARS     OFFICIAL    STENOGRAPHER    OK    THK     XKW     YORK     SUPREME     TOCRT  : 

EX-PRESIDENT    OF  THE    SEW     YORK    STATE  STENOGRAPHERS'   ASSOCIATION: 

AUTHOR   OF   THE   PHONETIC  SHORTHAND  SPEED-BOOK.     THK 

PHONETIC     SHORTHAND    WORD-BOOK.    FTC. 


SIXTH  EDITION. 


ROCHESTER,  N.  V. : 
THE  OSGOODBY  SCHOOL  OF  STENOGRAPHY. 


COPYRIGHT  1891,  BY  WILLIAM  W.  OSOOODHY. 


c? 


l. 


PHONETIC  SHORTHAND. 


$U.  Introductory. — In  Phonetic  Shorthand,  words  are  spelled  as 
they  are  pronounced,  and  no  silent  letters  are  used.  In  the  English 
alphabet  the  sounds  of  Ch  as  in  chain,  Th  in  thin,  Th  in  them,  Sh 
in  xtfnr,  and  Ng  in  sing',  are  not  provided  with  distinct  letters  though 
they  are  really  simple  sounds.  The  same  letter  often  indicates 
different  sounds,  in  different  words,  as  the  letter  G.  in  the  words 
yin.  gem;  the  use  of  two  or  more  letters  to  indicate  a  sound  for 
which  a  single  character  is  provided,  is  also  very  frequent,  as  the 
sound  of  F  in  the  words  trough,  triumph  ;  and  a  single,  simple  sound 
is  often  indicated  by  letters  to  which  entirely  different  values  are 
usually  assigned,  as.  in  the  words  pleasure,  azure,  the  letters  S  and  Z 
are  used  to  indicate  a  sound  which  has  no  precise  representative  in 
the  language.  Similar  inconsistencies  exist  with  respect  to  vowel 
sounds.  In  Phonetic  Shorthand,  however,  each  distinct  vocal  sound 
is  provided  with  a  distinct  letter. 

The  alphabet  should  be  carefully  studied,  and  the  names  of  the 
letters  should  be  learned  in  connection  with  their  sounds.  The 
letters  C'hay  and  Gay.  for  instance,  which  represent  the  sound  of  Ch 
and  the  "  hard  "  sound  of  G.  should  not  be  called  see-aitcli  and  jee. 
There  is  probably  no  better  way  to  commit  the  letters  to  memory, 
than  to  trace  them  repeatedly  with  a  penholder  pointed  like  a  pencil, 
the  sound  of  each  letter  being  pronounced  aloud  as  it  is  traced; 
varying  the  exercise  h\  frequently  writing  the  letters  with  particular 
attention  to  form  and  to  the  proper  angle  with  the  line  of  writing. 
From  the  beginning  of  his  practice,  the  student  should  use  great  care 
to  make  the  letters  uniform  in  length,  and  exact  in  shape,  direction 
and  shading.  It  is  only  in  this  manner  that  a  legible  handwriting 
can  be  acquired;  and  an  illegible  hand  is  worthless,  even  though 
written  at  high  rate  of  speed.  Every  character  should  therefore  be 
drawn  with  precision,  and  no  attempt  should  be  made  to  write 


INTRODUCTORY. 


rapidly;  speed  will  come  when  practice  has  given  the  necessary 
facility  for  smooth  and  graceful  writing.  It  is  only  by  persistent 
and  painstaking  effort  that  a  person  may  become  able  to  write  both 
rapidly  and  legibly. 

The  attention  of  the  student  is  particularly  directed  to  the  follow- 
ing diagrams,  in  which  the  correct  forms  of  all  the  consonants  are 
given.  The  first  of  these  diagrams  shows  the  forms  of  the  perpen- 
dicular and  horizontal  letters;  the  second,  of  the  inclined  letters. 


The  use  of  double-ruled  paper  is  recommended  as  a  valuable  aid  to 
the  acquirement  of  a  regular  and  systematic  handwriting.  In  using 
it,  the  following  directions  should  be  observed:  Upright  and 
inclined  letters,  when  written  on  the  line  (i.  e.,  the  lower  ruling), 
should  touch  each  ruling.  When  written  above  or  below  the  line, 
one-half  of  the  letter  should  be  on  each  side  of  the  ruling.  When  a 
horizontal  stem  is  written  above  or  below  the  line,  it  should  be 
immediately  below  the  proper  ruling,  and  touching  it.  When 
written  on  the  line,  a  horizontal  letter  should  be  made  immediately 
above  the  lower  ruling,  but  touching  it. 


-V-.v..^ 


Too  much  care  cannot  be  exercised  in  the  formation  of  the  letters, 
and  for  this  reason  a  pen  should  be  used,  and  not  a  pencil.  The 
upright  and  sloping  letters  should  be  made  exactly  long  enough  to 
reach  from  one  ruling  to  the  other,  and  horizontal  letters  should  be 
made  as  long  as  the  letter  |  x  The  importance  of  this  advice  will  be 
understood  by  an  examination  of  §£  23,  24,  where  rules  are  given  for 
halving  and  lengthening  stems.  Without  a  standard  length,  estab- 
lished and  maintained,  it  would  be  impossible  to  distinguish  the 
simple  characters  from  these  shortened  and  lengthened  stems,  and 
the  writing  would  be  illegible. 


INTRODUCTORY.  3 


The  different  principles  should  be  taken  in  order,  and  each 
thoroughly  understood  before  the  next  one  is  learned.  These  prin- 
ciples do  not  apply  to  single  words  alone;  they  apply  to  classes  of 
words  and  phrases;  and  if  any  one  of  theni  be  misunderstood  or 
misapplied,  the  error  is  far-reaching,  involving  all  the  words  or 
phrases  in  the  language  to  which  the  rule  is  applicable. 

The  illustrations  given  in  the  different  sections  and  their  subdivi- 
sions, should  be  carefully  read  and  written  in  connection  with  the 
study  of  the  rules  illustrated  by  them.  Further  illustrations  of  the 
same  rules  will  be  found  in  the  extensive  reading  and  writing 
exercises  beginning  on  pages  29  and  43,  which  should  not  be 
neglected. 

After  learning  §  7,  the  exercises  in  the  Speed-Book  should  be  taken 
up,  and  one  of  them  should  be  written  in  connection  with  the 
study  of  each  succeeding  section  of  the  Manual.  These  exercises, 
being  in  sentences,  will  greatly  enhance  the  interest  of  the  study, 
and,  if  faithfully  practiced  in  accordance  with  the  General  Directions, 
the  student  will  acquire  more  and  more  speed  as  each  new  principle 
is  developed. 

The  proper  use  of  punctuation  will  very  much  aid  the  student  in 
reading  his  written  exercises.  The  following  marks  are  used  in 

shorthand  :  *  Period;  H  Semicolon;  ^  Hyphen;  - — ~  Dash;  

Interrogation;  /Exclamation;  /Paragraph.  Excepting  these,  the 
ordinary  marks  of  punctuation  are  used.  The  dot  of  the  comma 
should  be  distinctly  made.  "Stet."  written  in  the  margin  of  the 
notes,  indicates  that  an  erasure  has  been  made  by  mistake.  Particu- 
lar emphasis  to  a  word  or  phrase  is  indicated  by  underscoring  it  with 
a  waved  line.  Two  inclined  ticks  are  placed  under  a  word  to 
indicate  that  it  should  be  written  with  a  capital  in  transcribing 
notes;  as, 

When  Envy         cannot  deny        Merit,          it      ignores          it. 

A  proper  name,  consisting  of  two  or  more  words,  may  be 
underscored  with  a  light,  straight  line,  for  the  same  purpose:  as, 


THE   ALPHABET— CONSONANTS. 


§2.  The  Alphabet.  —  The  alphabet  of  Phonetic  Shorthand  con- 
tains forty  letters,  representing  the  forty  elementary  sounds  of  the 
English  language.  These  letters  are  divided  into  two  general 
classes,  namely,  Consonants  and  Vowels.  The  consonant  sounds  are 
represented  by  straight  and  curved  lines  (which  are  termed  stems), 
and  the  vowels  by  dots,  dashes,  and  angles.  All  the  consonant  steins  of 
a  word  are  written  together,  each  stem  after  the  first  one  being  joined 
to  the  stem  preceding  it,  without  lifting  the  pen;  and  the  stems  thus 
joined  are  termed  the  outlive  of  the  word.  The  vowels  are  inserted 
after  the  outline  is  thus  completed. 

£3.  Consonants.  —  For  convenience,  the  consonants  are  arranged 
in  three  groups,  namely:  1.  Regular  Straight  Stems;  2.  Regular 
Curved  Stems;  3.  Irregular  Stems.  The  regular  stems  are  arranged 
in  pairs,  the  second  one  of  each  pair  being  shaded,  thus  indicating 
the  natural  distinction  between  the  vocal  and  whispered  sounds 
represented  by  them.  The  irregular  stems  are  not  thus  paired. 

a.    REGULAR   STRAIGHT   STEMS. 

Pee\    Bee\    Tee  I      Dee  I      Chay  /     Jay/     Kay_    Gay  _ 

These  letters  are  all  written  with  a  downward  movement  of  the 
pen,  except  Kay  and  Gay,  which  are  written  from  left  to  right. 
When  any  of  these  stems  are  joined  at  an  angle,  the  angle  should  be 
distinctly  made.  When  two  are  joined  in  the  same  direction  .  they 
should  be  written  with  a  continuous  straight  line;  and  if  one  stem  be 
light  and  the  other  heavy,  as  Kay-Gay,  they  should  be  shaded  into 
each  other.  In  joining  two  stems,  the  general  rule  is,  that  the  first 
upright  or  inclined  stem  shall  rest  upon  the  line  of  writing. 

READING    EXERCISE. 


WRITING      EXERCISE. 

P,  b,  t,  d,  ch,  j.  k,  g;  p-b,  t-d,  ch-j,  k-g,  p-t,  t-p,  b-t.  t-b,  t-k.  k-t. 
t-ch,  ch-t,  k-p,  p-k,  k-b,  b-k,  k-ch,  ch-k,  ch-g,  g-ch,  k-j.  j-k,  d-t, 
b-p,  g-k. 


CONSONANTS. 


b.    UEGULAK    CUKVKI)    STKMS. 

Ef  ^_  Yee  ^  Ith  (  The  (  Es  )  Zee  )  Ish  J  Zhe  J 
These  letters  are  all  written  with  the  downward  movement,  though 
Ish,  in  eombination  with  other  stems,  is  sometimes  struck  upward. 
When  struck  upward,  it  is  called  Shay.  Particular  care  should  be 
used  in  forming  the  heavy  curves,  making  them  heavy  in  the  middle 
and  tapering  to  a  point  at  each  end.  A  very  common  error  of 
students,  is  to  incline  Ith,  The.  Es,  and  Zee,  and  great  care  should 
be  taken  to  avoid  doing  so.  When  light  and  heavy  steins  are  joined 
without  an  angle,  they  should  be  shaded  into  each  other. 

RKA1MNG    KXKHCISK. 


WHITING    EXKKCISK. 

F,  v,  th,  dli  (tlie),  s,  /,  sh,  7.\\:  f-sr.  ir-th,  f-p,  p-f,  s-p.  t-th.  ch-s. 
f-th,  sh-f,  v-g.  g-th,  g-dh,  f-b,  b-f,  s-b,  t-dh.  ch-x,  f-dh,  sh-v,  k-f,  s-k, 
f-t,  p-v,  s-t.  d-(ih.  j-s,  t'-v,  sh-/.  g-f,  k-sh,  f-ch,  p-th,  sh-p,  t-s,  p-sh, 
f-sh.  s-s,  g-v,  g-sh,  f-j,  b-th,  sh-1),  t-/,,  b-sli.  f-sh,  s-/..  k-tli.  sli-k.  th-t, 
p-dh,  sh-t.  d-s,  ch-sh,  d-/.  j-sh,  v-sh,  s-v. 


Kay  is  a  duplicate  for  Ar,  and,  though  not  properly  belonging  to 
the  alphabet,  is  here  given  for  convenience.  It  is  invariably  struck 
upward,  and  is  more  inclined  than  ('hay.  When  joined  to  other 
stems,  it  is  easily  distinguished  by  the  direction  in  which  it  is 
written.  Lay  is  always  struck  upward  when  standing  alone,  but  it 
is  often  struck  downward  when  joined  to  other  steins.  Ar.  Way, 
and  Yay  are  struck  downward.  Em.  En.  Ing,  and  I  lay  are  struck 
from  left  to  right. 


\ 


—  1 

Reading  Exercise,  page  ?9,  and  Writing  Exercise,  page  4.1. 


6  VOWELS. 

§4.  Vowels.  —  There  are  sixteen  vowel  sounds  in  the  English 
language,  for  which  provision  is  made  in  Phonetic  Shorthand. 
These  are  divided  into  three  classes,  namely:  1.  Long  Vowels; 
2.  Short  Vowels;  3.  Diphthongs.  The  long  vowels  are  represented 
by  a  heavy  dot  or  dash,  placed  at  the  beginning,  middle,  or  end  of  a 
consonant  stem;  the  short  vowels,  by  a  light  dot  or  dasli  similarly 
placed;  the  diphthongs,  by  compound  characters,  placed  at  the 
beginning  or  end  of  a  consonant  stem.  As  stated  before,  the  outline 
of  a  word  is  written  first,  and  the  vowel  signs  afterwards  inserted. 

If  a  vowel  is  to  be  read  before  a  consonant,  it  is  placed  at  the  left 
of  an  upright  or  inclined  stem,  and  above  a  horizontal  stem.  If  it  is 
to  be  read  after  a  consonant,  it  is  placed  at  the  right  of  an  upright 
or  inclined  stem,  and  below  a  horizontal  stem. 

Vowels  placed  at  the  beginning  of  a  stem,  are  called  first-place 
vowels;  those  at  the  middle  of  a  stem,  second-place  vowels;  those  at 
the  end  of  a  stem,  third-place  vowels. 

a.  LONG  VOWELS. 
EE  '  A  'I          AH.  I          AW  "I          0-1         00.1 

See.  Take.  Far.  Saw.  So.  Food. 

...v  ......    ...K  .....  v  .....x  ......  \  .....    ..i...  ..L..J-. 


Pea,        Pay.  l'a-      Paw.        Poe.        Pooh.        Bee.      Bay.        Bah.        Day.      Taw.    So. 

Saw.       Thaw.        Lay.    Me.          Aim.      Take.        Food.    Bowl.      Kate.      Faith.  Boat.    Obey. 

b.  Positions  of  Words.  —  Very  few  vowels  are  used  in  reporting, 
but  the  accented  vowel  of  a  word  is  usually  indicated  by  the  position 
in  which  the  consonant  outline  is  written;  and  it  is  seldom  that  any 
other  vowel  need  be  indicated  by  a  practiced  writer.  If  the  accented 
vowel  be  a  first-place  vowel,  the  first  upright  or  inclined  stem  in  the 
word  is  written  above  the  line  of  writing;  if  it  be  second-place,  it  is 
written  on  the  line;  if  it  be  third-place,  it  is  written  through  the 
line.  If  the  word  contain  only  horizontal  stems,  it  is  written  above 
the  line,  on  the  line,  or  below  the  line,  in  accordance  with  the  posi- 
tion of  its  accented  vowel.*  This  rule  need  not  be  applied  to  a  word 


*Occasional  words  will  be  found  in  the  Reading  Exercises,  which  are  not  written  in  the 
positions  indicated  above,  for  the  reason  that  they  come  within  the  classes  referred  to  in 
Sec.  25,  l>.  <•. 


containing  more  than  two  upright  or  inclined  steins,  hut  the  rirst  of 
such  steins  may  usually  be  written  on  the  line. 

Reading  Ewcise,  page  .'!>,  and  Writing  Eeercise,  page  4.1. 

C.    SHOUT    VOWKI.S. 

I  'I  E-l  A.I  f)"|  f-| 


Pit.      Pet.         Pat.        Knob.         Nut.      Foot.      Pill.        Fed.     Pad.      Kii.K-k.    *Kinick.     Nook. 
Tick.    Check.  Tack.     Lock.  Luck.  Look.  Pillow.  Filly.  Ditty.  Meadow.  Taffy.  Shaggy.  Elbow. 

d.    Vowels  between  Consonants.  —  When  a  vowel  occurs  between  two 
stems,  observe  the  following  rules: 

First-place  vowels  are  written  after  the  rirst  stem. 
Second  place  long  vowels  (a,  o)  are  written  after  the  first  stem. 
Second-place  short  vowels  (6,  u)  are  written  before  the  second  stem. 
Third-place  vowels  are  written  Ix'fore  the  second  stem. 


Peat.      Bought.  Mill.    Botch.      Keep.        Bait.      Bet.        Boat.    But.       Loaf.        Love.        Far. 
Chatty.  Fanny.    Took.  Food.       Lap.         Cope.     Cub.      Rope.    Rub.       Four.       Fur.    Notary. 

KirSee  Heading  Exercise,  page  -in,  and  Writing  Exercise,  page  44. 

e.    DIPHTHONGS. 

IV|  Oil  OWj  K\vJ 

By.  Boy.  Cow.  New. 

These  signs  should  never  be  inclined  from  the  perpendicular.  The 
diphthong  I,  in  words  containing  more  than  one  stem,  may  be 
written  in  either  the  rirst  or  third  place,  as  is  most  convenient. 


1.        Type.       My.       Ride.      Mile.        Shiny.        Boy.      Oil.        Alloy.  Noisy.  Enjoy.   Annoy. 
Bo\v.  Cow.        OwL      Allow.    Our.         Row.  Few.      New.      Tulie.   Cuba.    Mule.      Newsy. 

Heading  Exercise,   page  .i<>,  and    Writing  Exercise,  page  44. 


/.  A  small  tick,  joined  to  one  of  these  signs,  indicates  that  another 
vowel  sound  follows  the  diphthong. 


Diary.     Pyaemia.     Boyish.    Enjoying.     Dower.    Dowel.      Cower.      Newel.      Puerile. 

g.  Concurrent  Vowels.—  Where  two  vowels  occur  between  two 
stems,  one  of  them  may  be  written  to  each;  or  both  vowels  may  be 
indicated  by  an  acute  angle,  written  in  the  direction  of  Chay,  open- 
ing upirard  if  the  first  vowel  to  be  indicated  be  a  dot,  and  opening 
downward  if  it  be  a  dash  vowel.  This  angle  is  written  in  place  of 
the  first  vowel  to  be  indicated,  and  the  down-stroke  of  the  angle  is 
made  heavy  if  the  first  vowel  be  long,  or  light  if  it  be  short. 


Rowing.     Ruin. 
Piano.   '     Theory. 

h.  When  two  vowel  signs  are  written  to  the  same  stem,  the  one 
pronounced  nearest  the  stem  is  placed  somewhat  nearer  it  than  the 
other;  as,  v|\  idea;  J-  .  Ma. 

i.  In  words  beginning  with  the  sound  of  I,  the  diphthong  may 
usually  be  joined  to  the  stem,  and  it  is  seldom  necessary  to  insert- 
any  other  vowel;  as,  ~]  idea.  The  diphthongs  I,  OW,  and  EW,  may 
often  be  joined  at  the  end  of  a  stem,  in  the  same  manner;  as, 
/v  rye;  [  due. 

j.  Coaltscent*.  —  In  many  words  beginning  with  W  or  Y,  those 
sounds  are  indicated  by  a  small  semi-circle,  joined  to  the  succeeding 
stem  in  such  a  manner  as  to  make  an  angle  with  if.  The  semi-circle 
for  W  opens  to  the  right  or  left  ;  that  for  Y  opens  upward  or  down- 
ward. A  vowel  written  before  the  stem,  is  read  between  the 
semi-circle  and  the  stem. 


Widow.  Wing.     Weep.    Web.        Weak.   Watch.  Woke.  War.     Witch.      Walk. 
Europe.'  Yarrow.  Uttea.     Yellow.  Youth.  Yattiiu.  Yates.  Yedo.    Yoke.        Ure. 


VOWELS  —  RULES   FOR    WRITING   L,    R,    AND   SH.  9 

k.  Tin-so  semi-circles  are  occasionally  written  by  the  side  of  a  stem, 
in  place  of  a  vowel,  and  in  such  cases  they  indicate  combinations  of 
W  or  Y  with  the  vowel.  When  used  in  this  manner,  the  W-semi- 
circle  opens  to  the  right  to  indicate  that  it  is  followed  by  a  dot 
vowel,  and  to  the  left  to  indicate  that  it  is  followed  by  a  dash  vowel; 
and  the  Y-semi-circle  opens  upward  for  a  dot  vowel,  and  downward 
for  a  dash  vowel.  The  semi-circles  may  be  shaded  for  long  vowels, 
if  desired,  but  this  is  seldom  necessary. 

WE     '    MVAW  YE     -rYAW 

\VA     ;    3  WO  YA     -  -YO 

\VAHC    DWOO  YAH,,   ,-YOf) 


£5.  Rules  for  Writing  L,  R,  and  Sh.  —  As  has  been  stated,  L, 
K,  and  Sh  may  be  struck  in  either  an  upward  or  downward  direc- 
tion. When  they  are  struck  upward,  they  are  named  Lay,  Ray.  and 
Shay,  respectively;  when  struck  downward,  they  are  named  El.  Ar, 
and  Ish. 

The  following  rules  are  to  be  observed,  in  forming  outlines  con- 
taining these  stems: 

a.  When  L  is  the  only  consonant  in  a  word.  Lay  is  used. 


b.  When  L  is  the  first  consonant  represented  by  a  stem,  in  an  out- 
line containing  other  stems.  El  is  used  if  preceded  by  a  vowel;  and 
Lay.  if  not. 


c.  When  L  is  the  last  consonant  represented  by  a  stem,  in  an  out- 
line containing  other  stems,  Lay  is  used  if  followed  by  a  vowel;  and 
El  if  not. 


10  KFIJ5S    FOR    WRITING    L,    R    AND    SH  —  THE    ASPIRATE. 

d.  When  R  is  the  first  or  only  consonant  in  a  word,  Ar  is  used  if  a 
vowel  precede;  and  Ray,  if  not. 


e.  When  R  is  the  last  consonant  represented  by  a  stem,  in  an  out- 
line containing  other  stems,  Ray  is  used  if  followed  by  a  vowel;  and 
Ar,  if  not.  t 


f.  When  Sh  is  the  only  consonant  in  a  word,  Ish  is  used. 


g.  When  Sh  is  the  last  consonant  represented  by  a  stem,  in  an 
outline  containing  other  steins,  Shay  is  used  if  followed  by  a  vowel; 
and  Ish,  if  not. 


h.  Exceptions  are  made  to  the  above  rules,  when  their  observance 
would  make  awkward  outlines. 

_^__^ 


i.  Lay  is  used,  after  M  and  II. 


j.  Ray  is  used  before  T,  D,  Ch,  J,  Th,  F,  and  V;  and  after  M  and 
II ;  and  Ar  is  used  before  M  and  II. 


§6.  The  Aspirate. — The  alphabetic  sign  for  II  is  seldom  used,  but 
other  means  of  indicating  that  sound  are  provided,  to  be  used  at  the 
convenience  of  the  writer.  These  are:  1.  By  placing  a  small  dot 
opposite  a  vowel  sign;  2.  by  connecting  a  tick,  written  in  the  direc- 


WORD-SIGNS — PIMPLE   PHRASING.  11 

tion  of  Chay,  with  the  stem  following  it;  3.  by  writing  a  tick  vowel 
parallel  to  the  stem. 

\        \        \  i        /        "/  j-*-^  '         *»_-. 


Heap.      Hip.      Hap.      Had.      Hitch.      Hedge.      Hvnin.      Haine.      Higher.      Hewer.     Hack. 
Hop.        Hope.   Hoop.    Hub.      Hutch.    Hog.          Hug.          Hook.       Hum.         Home.       Hall. 

£?.  "Word-Signs. — Abbreviated  forms  are  used  for  words  of 
frequent  occurrence.  These  are  called  word-signs  and  contractions. 
Lists  of  such  abbreviations  are  given  on  pages  28  and  63.  Two  or 
more  of  such  words,  if  they  belong  to  the  same  grammatical  phrase, 
may  be  joined  in  a  phrase-sign,  the  first  word  of  the  phrase  being 
written  in  its  proper  position  with  respect  to  the  line,  the  others 
following  it  without  lifting  the  pen. 

a.  Among  the  word -signs  will  be  found  several  small  ticks,  which 
are  made  about  one-fourth  the  length  of  an  ordinary  stem.     These 
are  named,  after  the  stems  they  resemble,  the  P-tick,  B  tick,  T-tick, 
Chay-tick,  etc.     The  P-tick  or  Ray-tick  may  be  prefixed  to  any  word- 
sign  for  the  pronoun  /,  and  .the  Chay-tick  or  Ray-tick  may  be  used 
in  the  same  manner  for  the.     The  Kay-tick  is  used  for  a,  an,  or 
and.     The  other  tick,  dot,  and  circle  word-signs  are  given  below. 
All  the  tick  word-signs  are  struck  downward,  except  those  for  on, 
sJtouhl,  and  how,  which  are  struck  upward.    The  sign  for  lie  may 
often  be  used  for  him.     The  circles  usually  retain  their  positions, 
when  prefixed  to  other  signs.    And  a  -,  ,  and  the    .,   and  on  tfie    * 
are  written  as  here  indicated. 

•  \  /  i  /  o 

He,  Thj     All  ...  Awe,  Already  — He  Is,  His 

/ 

.A  /   Who  i    Oh,  Owe  ....On  o  As  ,  Has 

v  rf 

....Ah  \    Two,  Too      ....I,  High  /  Should*  ...is  there 

.    An,  And      \  To*  o  First  How*         H-as  there 

b.  The  following  words  are  taken  from  the  list  on  page  28.     They 
are  the  most  frequently  recurring  words  for  which  stem  word-signs 
are  provided.     Each  word  is  followed  by  an  ordinary  capital,  indi- 
cating the  stem  used  to  represent  the  word,  and  the  superior  figures 
give  the  positions  of  the  signs.     These  signs  are  very  suggestive,  and 


12 


WORD-SIGNS— SIMPLE    PHRASING. 


therefore  easily  learned.     The 
struck  upward. 


Italic  letters  indicate  stems  which  are 


Be,  By,  B1 
At,  It,  T* 
To,  T3 
Did,  D1 
Do,  D9 
Had,  D» 
Which,  Clr-' 


If.F1 
For,  F" 
After,  F» 
Of,  V 
Ever,  V- 
Have,  V3 
With,  Dh1 


Come,  Came,  K*  They,  I)h- 
Cnn.  K:1  That,  Dlr 

Go,  Gave,  G*        Was,  Z* 


As,  Has,  Z* 

Shall,  Sir- 
Should,  Sh3 
Will,  Well,  U 
From,  R1 


May,  M' 
Am,  Whom,  M3 
In,  Any,  N1 
Know,' No,  Ns 
You,  Your,  Y8 


Where,  Were,  It*  We,  Why,  W' 
Or,  W  Would,  W3 

There,  If  When,  IP 

Are,  R3  How,  II* 

Me,  My,  M1  Thins;.  N?1 


UKADIXG    KXKRCISK. 


WRITIN(;    KXEKCISK. 

He  is.  Is  lie.  On  his.  Is  on.  He  has.  Has  he.  He  should. 
Should  he.  And  the.  On  the.  All  is.  Is  all.  Who  should. 

I  did.  I  do.  I  had.  I  can.  I  gave.  I  have.  I  was.  I  shall. 
I  will.  I  am.  I  know.  I  may. 

He  came.  He  can.  He  gave.  He  was.  He  shall.  He  will. 
He  may.  He  would.  Who  was.  Who  would.  Who  may. 

By  that.  It  was.  Shall  be.  They  do.  Do  they.  Which  came. 
Are  they.  It  may.  May  be.  Which  do.  Should  be.  Can  do. 

It  can  be.  That  was.  Was  that.  As  is.  That  is.  As  that.  For 
it  was.  Which  may  come.  Where  was  that.  He  may  be.  For  he 
would.  By  me. 

It  was  iio.  Shall  become.  Today.  Tomorrow.  Know  that. 
Will  be.  Have  they.  From  that.  We  may  go  in.  With  that. 
Which  came  in. 

!g^"  Write  Exercises  I,  II,  and  III,  of  the  Speed-Book. 


CIRCLES.  13 

§8.  Circles  —  S  and  Z  are  most  frequently  represented  by  a  small 
circle,  initial  or  final,  written  on  the  right  side  of  upright  and  in- 
clined straight  stems,  on  the  upper  side  of  Ray,  Kay  and  Gay,  and 
on  the  inside  of  curves.  This  circle  is  called  Iss. 


.....  s.  .....  f  ......  .i  ......  e. 


a  When  a  circle  occurs  between  two  straight  stems  forming  an 
angle,  it  is  written  outside  the  angle.  When  it  occurs  between  a 
straight  stem  and  a  curve,  it  is  written  inside  the  curve.  When  it 
occurs  between  two  curves,  it  is  written  inside  the  first  curve,  unless 
there  be  an  angle  between  the  stems  which  prevents  it. 


Ds^...\o.. 


ft.  When  written  at  the  beginning  of  a  stem,  the  circle  is  read  first; 
a  vowel  written  before  the  stem  next;  the  stem  next;  a  vowel  written 
after  the  stem  next;  and  a  circle  at  the  end  of  a  stem  is  read  last. 

A 


Sip.  Sappy.  Suppose.    Supposed.  Exposed.     Sick.          Six.  Sago.       Sages. 

E^°  Write  Exercise  IV.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

c.  If  S  or  Z  be  the  first  consonant  in  a  word  beginning  with  a 
vowel,  or  if  the  word  end  with  S  or  Z  followed  by  a  vowel,  the  stem 
is  used,  and  not  the  circle.  The  stem  is  also  used  when  S  or  Z  is  the 
only  consonant  in  a  word,  or  where  two  vowels  occur  between  S  or 
Z  and  a  preceding  or  following  stem. 


\ ^}..^3..4O....\..^)....^.:3....^ 

..,). -) ?. *...  V..L...L  ..! LJL 


14  CIRCLES. 

d.  Where  a  singular  noun  ends  with  the  stem  S  or  Z,  the  Iss-circle 
is  added  to  the  same  outline,  for  the  plural  number  or  for  the 
possessive  case. 


Policies.     Jealousies.    Argosies.    Mercies.          Fancies.    Posies.    Inaccuracies.    Daisies. 

e.  If  a  circle  occur  between  two  stems,  vowels  are  written  to  the 
stem  with  which  they  are  pronounced. 


Deceit.     Decide.     Tacit.        Beset.   Rosette.    Joseph.    Posset.    Apposite.  Gusset.  Receipt. 

/.  If  the  first  consonant  in  a  word  be  Z,  the  stem  is  used. 


.  .....   j^iJU  .....  I  ..... 


V 


Zeal.          Zero.          Zinc.  Zany.         Zeno.          Zeus.          Czar.          Zigzag. 

g.  A  final  circle  is  continued  across  the  stem  to  form  a  back-hook 
for  N,  and  a  circle  may  be  written  within  the  hook  for  a  final  S. 
This  back-hook  is  drawn  close  to  tlie  stem,  as  shown  in  the  illustra- 
tions below: 


-.._.    (          L          £      " 

^e     Ng 

Basin.    Basins.  Dozen.  Dozens.  Mason.    Masons.     Lesson.   Lessons.      Chasten.  Cliasti  us. 

h.  This  circle  is  occasionally  used  for  Sh,  and  with  the  back-hook 
it  forms  the  termination  Tion,  as  is  more  fully  explained  in  £  '22. 


Fashion.    Mission.    Option.     Action.   Caution.      Fusion.  Ambition.    Narration.  Passion. 

i.  When  R  is  the  only  stem  in  a  word,  preceded  and  followed  by 
vowels,  and  also  preceded  by  a  circle  or  loop,  Kay  is  used;  also, 
when  preceded  by  a  circle  or  loop  and  followed  by  another  strni 
which  is  struck  downward.  (See  §  10.) 


Series.    Sorry.      Sirius.   Starry.      Story.       Syrup.  Surpass.  Sardis.  Search.  Service.  Starch. 


LAKGE   CIRCLES  —  LOOPS.  15 

§9.  Ses  and  Sez.  —  A  double-sized  circle,  called  Ses,  indicates 
that  syllable  or  any  similar  one  containing  a  different  vowel.  Ses 
may  be  vocalized  by  writing  the  vowel  within  it.  When  it  is  deemed 
desirable  to  indicate  the  exact  vowel,  which  is  seldom  necessary,  it  is 
done  by  placing  the  vowel  sign  in  the  upper,  middle,  or  lower  part 
of  the  circle. 


Passes.    Tosses.    Races.    Thesis.    Pause?.    Emphasis.    Genesis.    Exhaust.    Exercise.   Census. 

a.  The  plural  number  or  the  possessive  case  of  a  noun  ending  with 
the  Iss-circle  is  indicated  by  enlarging  the  circle.  The  third  person, 
singular,  of  a  regular  verb  ending  with  the  sound  of  S,  is  indicated 
in  the  same  manner. 


Cases.      Faces.     Mazes.      Losses.    Muses.     Chaises.     Bases.    Masses.    Roses.        Pieces. 

b  A  small  circle  is  written  within  a  final  large  circle,  for  the 
additional  sound  of  S  or  Z. 

•  O 
Possesses.  Recesses.  Exercises.  Successes.  Excesses.  Emphasizes.  Abscesses.  Accesses.  Capsizes. 

I£p~  Write  Exercise  V.  of  the  Speed-Book 

§10.  Loops.  —  The  Iss-circle  is  turned  into  a  short  loop,  to  indi- 
cate St;  and  by  lengthening  and  widening  the  loop,  Str  is  indicated. 
The  latter  loop  is  not  used  initially. 


Step.  Pieced.    Stood.    Dust.  Stitch.  Chest.      Just.    Stack.    Rust.      Story.     Stem.     Mast. 

a.  The  St-loop  is  made  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  stem;  the 
Str-loop  extends  to  the  middle  of  the  stem,  and  is  made  somewhat 
wider  than  the  former. 

.__1Z^__;^_.. ...        or^...-^--. 

Pester.  Tester.  Duster.  Chester.  Juster.  Castor.  Master.  Nestor.  Sou'wester.  Faster.   Roster. 


16  LOOPS  —  COMBINATIONS  OF  CONSONANTS. 

b.  A  final  circle  is  written  within  either  loop,  to  add  S.  The  line 
of  the  loop  may  be  continued  across  the  stem  and  formed  into  a 
back-hook  to  add  N;  and  a  final  Iss-circle  may  be  written  within  the 
back-hook. 


Pests.  Pesters.  Tests.  Testers.  Chest.  Chester's.  Masts.  Masters.  Nests.  Nestors.  Lasts.  Lasters. 

.A..       'JL  ......  £Lj£  .....  ^...-^  ......  X- 

s-^?  —f.  MJ  —  £? 

Boston.  Masten.  Justin.  Gaston.  Coston.  Liston.  Posten.  South-Eastern.  Western.  Cast-iron. 

c  The  initial  loop  is  read  before  the  stem;  the  final  loop,  after  the 
stem.  The  same  rule  applies,  with  regard  to  reading  the  loops  before 
or  after  vowels,  as  was  given  in  the  case  of  the  Iss-circle,  §  8,  b. 

d.  Where  it  is  necessary  to  distinguish  the  sounds  of  S  and  Z,  a 
circle  or  loop  may  be  slightly  shaded;  as,  ^  race,  ^  raise; 
xf  raced;  ^  raised. 

&T  Write  Exercises  VI.  and  VII.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

§11.  Combinations  of  Consonants.  —  Certain  combinations  of 
consonant  sounds  are  of  very  frequent  occurrence,  and  provision  is 
made  for  writing  them  with  a  single  stroke.  This  is  done  by  attach- 
ing hooks  to  the  stem  representing  the  first  sound  heard  in  such  com- 
binations, as  indicated  below. 

Small  initial  hook  for  R:  \  1    /     —  ^_    f     *)    }   f  °N  e-^ 

Small  initial  hook  for  L:  \  f    /"  c  _ 

Small  final  hook  for  N:  \  J    J  __  ^    C      )    J  C  ^  ^ 

Small  final  hook  for  For  V:  \  [    /   _  „ 

Large  initial  hook  for  Y:  \  I    /  c  — 

Large  initial  hook  for  W:  *\  P  /°  c  _ 

Large  final  hook  for  Tr:  o  J  c/  —  ? 

Large  final  hook  for  M:  \)  1)   6  —  >  ^->    C     0    J  C  ~^>  /O 

a.  Initial  lwok»  are  read  AFTER  the  stem  to  which  they  are  attached, 
and  AFTER  all  vowels  which  are  written  be/we  the  stem  ;  —  but  BEFORE 
any  vowels  written  after  the  stem,  and  BEFORE  any  final  Imok  or  circle. 


THE   R-HOOK  —  THE   L-HOOK.  17 

b.  Final  Iwoks  are  read  AFTER  the  stem  to  which  tJiey  are  attached, 
and  AFTER  all  vowels  or  initial  hooks  written  to  tlie  stem,  but  BEFORE 
a  final  circle. 

c.  Each  illustration  of  the  rules  governing  the  use  of  the  hooks, 
should  be  carefully  compared  with  the  directions  given  with  regard 
to  the  order  in  which  the  different  elements  of  the  word  are  read. 
In  the  rules  hereafter  given  for  the  use  of  hooks,  Ray  is  treated  as  a 
horizontal  stem. 

^1  2.  The  R-Hook.—  A  small  initial  hook,  on  the  left  side  of  an 
upright  or  inclined  straight  stem,  on  the  lower  side  of  a  horizontal 
straight  stem,  or  on  the  inside  of  a  curved  stem,  indicates  that  the 
sound  of  R  occurs  immediately  after  the  stem. 


a.  Stems  bearing  the  R-hook  are  pronounced  with  the  hook,  and 
the  consonants  thus  combined  are  named  Per,  Ber,  etc.,  and  vowels 
may  be  written  before  or  after  them  in  the  same  manner  as  to  simple 
stems. 


Pray.        Try.       Dray.  Watcher.  April.    Acre.        Over.    Affray.    Author.  Throw.    Error. 

b.  When  R  is  the  last  consonant  in  a  word  of  two  or  more  syllables, 
and  immediately  preceded  and  followed  by  vowels,  the  stem  is  used, 
and  not  the  hook.  The  stem  is  also  used  when  two  vowels  occur 
between  R  and  a  preceding  stem  ;  and  generally  when  a  long  vowel 
precedes  the  sound  of  R. 

./      C/  •  •       ^ 

Barrow.  Fury.  Harry.         Merry.         Fiery.         Narrow.         Carry.        Cheery. 

jy  Write  Exercise  VIII.  of  the  &peed-Book. 

£13.  The  L-Hook. — A  small  initial  hook,  on  the  right  side  of  an 
upright  or  inclined  straight  stem,  or  on  the  upper  side  of  a  horizontal 
straight  stem,  indicates  that  the  sound  of  L  occurs  immediately  after 
the  stem. 

^     S,     f      f     X7    X5 


18  L  HOOK  —  HOOK    AND   CIRCLE    COMBINATIONS. 

a.  A  short,  broad  initial  hook,  on  the  inside  of  a  curved  stem, 
adds  the  sound  of  L  in  like  manner.  Compare  the  following  illus- 
trations with  those  of  the  R-hook  on  curves,  given  in  §  12. 


b  Stems  bearing  the  L-hook  are  pronounced  with  the  hook,  and 
the  consonants  thus  combined  are  named  Pel,  Bel,  etc.,  and  vowels 
are  written  before  or  .after  them  in  the  same  manner  as  to  simple 
stems. 


Play.         Ply.       Idle.         Abler.    Flake.    Oval.    Bushel.  Camel.  Puzzle.  Awful.  Flighty. 

c.  When  L  is  the  last  consonant  in  a  word  of  two  or  more  syllables, 
and  immediately  preceded  and  followed  by  vowels,  the  stem  is  used. 
and  not  the  hook.  The  stem  is  also  used  when  two  vowels  occur 
between  L  and  a  preceding  stem  ;  and  generally  when  a  long  vowel 
precedes  the  sound  of  L. 

/" 


Fellow.     Fuel.         Gaily.    Pillow.    Chilly.    Jewel.       Valley.      Vial.        Halo.  Jolly. 

2^"  Write  Exercise  IX.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

§14.  Combinations  of  Hooks  -with  Circles  and  Loops.—  Iss 
is  combined  with  the  R-hook  by  turning  the  hook  into  a  circle,  on 
straight  stems,  and  by  writing  the  circle  within  the  hook  on  curves. 
If  the  R-hook  on  a  straight  stem  be  changed  to  a  loop,  the  sound  of 
St  is  indicated  as  occurring  before  the  stem  and  hook. 


Spree.  Sabre.  Stray.  Cider.  Seeker.  Stepper.  Slabber.  Stutter.  Stitcher.  Stoker.  Staider. 

L    -L    "5     ^  ^  ^         ^    2     L 

<5_X 
Safer.      Savor.      Seizer.    Sealer.    Simmer.    Saner.      Sooner.    Singer.    Seizure.     Suffer. 

a.  Iss  is  combined  with  the  L-hook  by  writing  the  circle  within  the 
hook,  on  both  straight  and  curved  stems. 


VOCALIZATION    OF    R-    AND    L-HOOK8 — N-HOOK.  19 

b.  When  combined  with  either  the  R-hook  or  L-hook,  the  circle  is 

read  tirst;  a  vowel  before  the  stem  next:  the   stem  next;  the  hook 
next;  and  a  vowel  after  the  stem  next. 


(T.V  qv 

^  \  t_ 


Spray.   Supply.   Strike.     Sidle.  Spring.  Cider.  Satchel.  Sicker.  Sickly.  Cigarette.  Subtle. 

c.  Ses  is  never  written  within  a  hook  or  another  circle. 

<l.  When  combinations  of  circles  and  hooks  occur  in  the  middle  of 

word,  the    are  made  as  indicated  below: 


Di.-ciple.       Display.      Displease.  Disclaim.      Disclose.      Exclusive.        Gosjjol. 


Disgrace.  Disagree.  Describe.  Prescribe.  Express.  Prosperous.  Explore.  Explosive.  Descry. 

52^~  Write  Exercise  X.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

sl.">.  Vocalization  of  the  R-  and  L-Hooks.  —  When  vowels 
occur  between  stems  and  their  initial  hooks,  they  are  written  as 
follows:  Dot  vowels  are  represented  by  small  circles,  written  in  the 
position  of  the  vowel,  before  the  stem  to  indicate  a  lon<r  vowel,  and 
after  the  stem  to  indicate  a  short  vowel:  and  dash-vowels  and 
diphthongs  are  struck  through  or  across  the  end  of  the  stem,  in  their 
proper  positions. 


Unskilful.      Excursive.      Per.     Dear.      Dark.       Delicacy.    Charming.    Nearly.        More. 

IHT  Write  Exercises  XL  and  XII.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

$1$.  The  N-Hook.— A  small   final  hook  on  the  R-hook  side  of 
straight  stems,  and  inside  of  curves,  indicates  an  added  X. 


a.   r['\\v  N-hook  is  always  read  after  the  stem  to  which  it  is  attached, 
and  after  anv  vowel  or  initial  hook  written  to  the  stem,  but  before  a 


20  THE  N-HOOK. 


final  circle.     When  N  is  the  last  consonant  sound  of  a  word  and  is 
followed  by  a  vowel,  the  stem  is  used,  and  not  the  hook. 


Pain.         Bane.    Tine.    Done.    Chin.     Join.     Coin.     Gain.  Rain.  Fine.  Marine.  Pansy. 

b.  If  two  vowels  occur  between  N  and  a  preceding  stem,  the 
N-stem  is  used;  excepting  cases  where  the  sound  of  N  follows  Ray 
in  such  words  as  criterion,  when  the  hook  should  be  used. 


Leon.    Lion.      Paean.      Scion.      Zion.        Ryan.      Ruin.      Bowen.      Guion.    Criterion. 

c.  If  the  N-hook,  on  a  straight  stem,  at  the  end  of  a  word,  be  turn- 
ed into  a  circle,  it  becomes  Ns  or  Nz;  if  a  back-hook  be  added,  it 
becomes  Nsn;  and  the  Iss-circle  may  be  written  within  the  back- 
hook. 


Pains.    Dines.    Chains.    Joins.    Canes.    Guns.     Benson.  Ganson.   Wisconsin.  Johnson's. 

d.  If  the  N-hook  on  a  straight  stem  be  turned  into  a  loop,  it  becomes 
Nst;  if  the  loop  be  lengthened,  it  becomes  Nstr.  A  circle  may  be 
written  in  either  loop,  to  add  a  final  S. 

-V -V 1\-~  -J-—  -  ^  --^— - -V— — Q. -«C. 

^->  ^A  V.  *  *"«=> 

Pounced.  Bounced.   Pranced.   Chanced.  Against.   Glanced.   Rinsed.   Spinster.    Punster. 
Spinsters.   Punsters. 

c.  The  N-hook,  on  a  straight   stem,  turned  into  a  large  circle, 

becomes  Nses,  or  Nsez. 

\ 

\      _     Q  I  ..' ^-& ^TO -*~ * 

O«  a.  ^^? 

Pounces.  Tenses.  Dances.  Rinses.  Sconces.  Sequences.  Responses.  Cleanses.  Glances.  Bonzes. 

/.  S  is  added  to  the  N-hook  on  curves  by  writing  the  circle  within 
the  hook. 


Vines.     Thence.    Athens.    Feigns.    Lens.    Immense.    Nonce.    Wince.     Yawns.    Hence. 

JI^"  Write  Exercise  XIII.  of  the  Speed-Book. 


F-V  HOOK  —  Y-HOOK—  W-HOOK.  21 

§17.  The  F-Y-Hook.—  A  small  final  hook,  on  the  L-hook  side  of 
straight  stems,  or  a  long  and  narrow  final  hook  on  the  inside  of 
curves,  indicates  an  added  F  or  V. 


a.  S  or  Z  is  added  to  the  F-hook  by  writing  the  circle  within  the 
hook. 

b.  The  F-hook  is  always  read  after  the  stem  to  which  it  is  attached, 
and  after  any  vowel  or  initial  hook  written  to  the  stem,  but  before  a 
final  circle.     When  F  or  V  is  the  last  consonant  sound  of  a  word  and 
is  followed  by  a  vowel,  the  stem  is  used,  and  not  the  hook. 


k. 


Brief.    Tough.  Drive.    Chaff.     Cliff.    Five.    Thief.    Loaf.      Paves.    Puffs.  Dives.  Doves. 

IW  Write  Exerciaes  XIV.  and  XV.  of  the  Speed-  Book. 

§18.  The  Y-Hook.  —  A  large  initial  hook  on  the  K-hook  side  of 
straight  stems,  or  a  long  and  narrow  initial  hook  on  the  inside  of 
curves,  adds  the  consonant  sound  of  Y.  This  hook  is  used  chiefly 
for  phrasing,  a  principle  hereafter  explained. 


GP  Write  Exercise  XVI.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

§19.  The  W-Hook.  —  A  large  initial  hook,  on  the  L-hook  side  of 
straight  stems  only,  adds  the  sound  of  W,  and  is  read  after  the  stem, 
but  before  any  final  hook  or  circle. 


Z^~  Write  Exercise  XVII.  of  the  Speed-  Book. 


22  TER-IIOOK— M-IIOOK. 


§20.  The  Ter-Hook.— A  large  final  hook,  written  in  place  of  the 
N-hook,  on  any  straight  stem,  adds  to  the  stem  the  syllable  Ter,  Der, 
or  Ther.  This  hook  is  read  after  the  stem,  and  after  any  vowel  or 
initial  iiook  written  to  the  stem,  but  before  a  final  circle  or  N-hook. 


Putter.   Batter.    Tighter.    Daughter.    Cheater.    Writer.    Tiaitor.   Blighter.    Clatter.    Grater. 

a.  A  final  Iss-circle,  or  a  small  hook  for  an  added  N,  may  be  writ- 
ten within  the  Ter-hook,  and  should  be  read  after  the  stem  and  after 
all  vowels  and  all  other  hooks  or  circles.  This  small  hook  for  N  is 
used  chiefly  for  phrasing. 

^        fc         J"  /  <^        el'          ^-5. 

---£/  -------  ^^  ----  r-^tS  ------  *•  -------  VJ--~  .....  -••>  .....  c^"" 

Peters.  Betters.  Debtors.  Chatters.  Caters.  Gutters.  Writers.  Traitors.  Graters.  Clatters. 

J^~  Write  Exercise  XVI  II.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

§21.  The  M-Hook.  —  A  short,  broad  final  hook,  -written  in  place 
of  the  F-hook  on  straight  stems,  and  on  the  inside  of  curves,  adds 
the  sound  of  M  to  the  stem.  This  hook  is  read  after  the  stem,  and 
after  any  vowel  or  initial  hook  written  to  the  stem,  but  before  a  final 
circle  or  N-hook. 

----  .....  k  ......  U.....&.  .....  fe..:.-  .....  ^... 


Palm.     Beam.     Tame.     Dome.     Chum,     Chimney.     Camera.     Game.     Fame.  Memory. 

Name.    Prime.    Dream  .  Charm  .  Germ  .      Chrome.  Grim.  Crimson.  Trimming.  Prominence. 

a.  A  final  Iss-circle,  or  a  small  hook  for  an  added  N,  may  be  writ- 
ten within  the  M-hook,  and  should  be  read  after  the  stem  and  after 
all  vowTels  and  all  other  hooks  or  circles.     When  M  is  the  last  con- 
sonant in  a  word,  and  is  followed  by  a  vowel,  the  stem  is  used,  and 
not  the  hook. 

b.  If  two  vowels  occur  between  M  and  a   preceding  stem,  the 
M-stem  is  used;  excepting  cases  where  the  sound  of  M  follows  Kay, 
when  the  hook  should  be  used. 


Poem.        Residuum.    Exordium.     Tedium,     lieciuicin.  Aquarium.  Delirium.  Sanitorium. 

Igjf^  Write  Exercise  XIX.  of  the  Speed-Book. 


TION-HOOK. 


£22.  The  Tion-Hook.— The  frequent  syllables  Tion,  Sion,  etc., 
are  expressed  by  a  small  circle  and  back-hook,  similar  to  the  expedi- 
ent for  Sen,  Son.  etc.,  the  rule  for  which  is  stated  at  g  8,  g.  A 
small  circle  may  be  written  within  the  back-hook  to  add  S  or  Z. 
The  syllable  Tion  may  be  added  to  an  X-hook,  on  a  straight  stem, 
by  turning  that  hook  into  a  circle  and  continuing  the  stroke  to  form 
a  back-hook;  and  the  Iss-circle  may  be  written  within  the  back-hook. 

'    V  £•         ~~ -\ 

...,\i * c/v..   r^*-£ 


-^ V-  :.^...^C...N^.. 

Passion.     Ambition.    Edition.       Relation.     Invasion.  Nanation.  Aberration.      Negation. 

...:*....!.. 


U- 
1 


Fashions.  Visions.  Lesions.  Rations.  Occasions.  Invasions.  Iiiviu.i.oiis.  Pension.  Tension. 

ii.  When  Tion  occurs  after  I)  followed  by  the  F-hook,  it  may  be 
indicated  by  a  small  hook  written  outside  of  the  F-hook  ;  as. 
devotional  ;  _L  division;  but  where  two  vowels  immediately  prc- 
cede  this  syllable.  Isli  with  the  N-hook  is  used  to  express  it;  as. 
I  deviation. 

b.  In  such  words  as  I   /   dictionary,   L    stationer,  -^^P      national, 
"\    ,-   professional,  the  back-hook  is  omitted. 

*  —  D 

c.  The  past  tense  of  verbs  ending  in  Tion,  is  indicated  by  halving 
the  stem  preceding  that  syllable.     In  words  ending  with  -ate  follow- 
ing Tion,  a  half  lenuth'Ln  is  used  instead  of  the  back-hook.  (See  ^  23.) 


Petition.  Pi-titioneil.  Pension.  Pensioned.  Proportion.  Proportioned.   Caution.    Cautioned 
i  ic'-a-i'  .n.    Occasioned. 
Motion.  Motioned.  Fashion.  Fashioned.  Passionate.  Proportionate.  Affection.  Affectionate. 

d.  The  termination  S-tion.  in  such  words  as  position,  physician,  is 
indicated  by  a  large  circle  and  back-hook:  and  the  Iss-circle  may  be 
written  within  the  back-hook. 


Physician.  Opposition.   Position.  Possession.  Accession.  Accusation.  Recession.  Proces-i  .  m. 
Precision. 


24  THE   HALVING   PRINCIPLE. 

e  The  same  syllable  may  be  added  to  an  N-hook,  on  a  straight 
stem,  by  turning  the  hook  into  a  large  circle  and  adding  the  back- 
hook;  as  ^5  compensation.  (See  R.  2,  p.  50.)  The  Iss-circle  may  be 
written  within  the  back-hook. 

/.  In  words  ending  with  -est  or  -ist,  following  Tion,  a  half-length 
Es  maybe  joined  to  the  back-hook;  as,  -/r~  elocutionist;  \^-  --factionut; 
o  secessionist. 

Jgf~  Write  Exercise  XX.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

§23.  The  Halving  Principle.— Making  a  light  stem  half-length, 
adds  T.  Making  a  shaded  stem  half-length,  adds  D.  The  experienced 
writer  may  safely  halve  any  stem  to  add  either  T  or  D,  except  as 
hereafter  stated.  The  added  sound  is  read  after  all  vowels  and  hooks 
written  to  the  stem,  but  before  a  final  circle. 


Pit.  Pet.  Pat.  Sodded.  Bride.  Bled.  Bands.  Drift.  Craft.  Cleaned.  Mined.  Buttered.  Palmed. 
Indicate.  Intent.  Maintained.  Golden.  Garden.  Prominent.  Dominant.  Germinate.  Abomi- 
nate. Pennant.  Tenant.  Defect.  Maturity. 

a.  Words  containing  a  second-place  vowel  with  no  other  stem  than 
R,  L,  M,  or  N,  halved  to  add  the  sound  of  D,  may  be  written 
slightly  above  the  line,  to  distinguish  them  from  similar  words  end- 
ing with  the  sound  of  T;  or,  in  such  Words  ending  with  a  hook,  the 
sound  of  D  may  be  indicated  by  shading  the  hook. 

b.  Half-length  stems  are  written  below  the  line,  for  the  third  position. 


c.  A  half-length  should  not  be  joined  to  another  stem,  where  its 
length  cannot  be  readily  distinguished. 

d.  Ray  is  seldom  halved  to  add  the  sound  of  D,  except  when  it 
bears  a  final  hook,  or  when  it  is  preceded  by  F,  V,  or  L.     Ish  should 
never  be  halved  to  add  D. 

e.  -Tine  is  better  represented  by  a  V-stem  following  a  half-length,  in 
most  instances,  than  by  T  and  the  V-hook;  as,  cr     votive  ;    ,     active. 

J@p  Write  Exercises  XX  f.  and  XXI  f.  of  the  Speed-Book. 


THE   LENGTHENING   PRINCIPLE — SPECIAL   RULES.  25 

§24.  The  Lengthening  Principle  — Lengthening  a  curved 
stem  adds  the  syllable  Ter,  Der  or  Ther.  The  added  syllable  is  read 
after  all  vowels  and  hooks  written  to  the  stem,  but  before  a  final 
circle. 

a.  The  first  half  of  a  lengthened  curve  is  placed  in  the  position 
indicated  by  the  accented  vowel  of  the  word,  in  accordance  with  the 
rule  given  in  £  4,  b,  in  the  same  manner  as  if  it  were  a  distinct  stem. 


Wither.  Neither.  Theater.  Miter.  Fighter.  Cinders.  Easter.  Hinder.  Lighter. 
Waiters.  Another.  Vendor.  Mothers.  Fetter.  Memler.  Thunder.  Further.  Lender. 
Flatter.  Matter.  Father.  Hatter.  Shatter.  Neuter.  Ouster.  Shooter.  Laughter. 

Write  Exercise  XXIII.  of  ihe  Speed-Book. 

§25.  Special  Rules  and  Suggestions. — a.  Where  a  regular 
verb  in  the  present  tense  ends  with  a  half-length,  written  with  or 
without  a  hook,  the  syllable  -ed  may  be  added  for  the  past  tense  by 
an  inclined  final  tick,  struck  at  a  distinct  angle  with  the  half-length 
or  with  its  final  hook,  as,  <  voted;  I'  dated;  <--^,  invaded. 

b.  Words  of  the  same  part  of  speech  and  containing  the  same  con- 
sonants, should  always  be  distinguished  by  vocalization,  or  by 
difference  of  position  or  outline. 


Piety.  Pity.  Pattern.  Patron.  Propriety.  Appropriate.  Protection.  Production.  Pertain. 
Appertain.  Prominent.  Permanent.  Birth.  Breath.  Train.  Turn.  Diseased.  Deceased.  Fav- 
ored. Favorite. 

c.  Words  having  peculiar  outlines,  and  most  words  written  with 
more  than  two  upright  or  inclined  stems,  may  be  written  on  the  line. 


Aluminum.    Gigantic.        Calico.      Bronchial.      Bridge.      Severe.  Hypothetical.  Unitarian. 


26  SPECIAL   RULES. 


d.  No  hook,  circle  or  loop,  can  be  used  at  the  end  of  a  word,  when 
the  sound  indicated  by  it  is  immediately  preceded  and  followed  by 
vowels,  but  the  stem  representing  the  same  sound  must  be  used. 


y: 


Berry.         Wori-y.     Valley.      Swallow.    Penny.        Funny.    Coffee     Jersey.       Pasty. 

e.  As  far  as  possible,  derivatives  should  be  written  with  outlines 
similar  to  those  of  their  primitives,  and  in  the  same  positions  with 
respect  to  the  line  of  writing. 

/.  The  sound  of  Sh  may  be  indicated  by  the  small  circle  or  loop, 
in  such  words  as  \>  accomplish;  ^^-^  negotiate. 

g.  Where  the  consonant  sound  of  Y  follows  that  of  T  or  D,  better 
outlines  may  often  be  obtained  by  expressing  both  sounds  with  Chay 
or  Jay;  as  in  ^,  virtue.  ^  verdure. 

h.  In  words  ending  with  Kshn  following  T  or  D,  K  may  generally 
be  omitted  ;  as  in  —1-  attraction  ;  J|  destruction.  An  experienced 
writer  may  safely  extend  the  use  of  this  expedient  to  many  words 
in  which  Kshn  follows  other  stems,  as,  ^--  application.  Other  letters 
may  sometimes  be  omitted,  if  necessary,  to  obtain  more  easily  written 
outlines,  as,  J^_  assignment;  U  attainment;  4  achievement; 

\~^  postman;  |_^  dumped ;  ... _  contract ;  ^?  restitution;  \  desti- 
tution; f°  slightest;  ^  brightest;  ^  medicine;  "~'Vso_  inves- 
tigate; - — '~b  glimpse ;  L  timber;  /  chamber;  '\/o  typewriter. 

i.  Foreign  sounds  are  indicated  by  striking  a  light  waved  line 
through  the  stems  most  nearly  representing  them;  as,  .^.  on; 

^  iin  ; icJt. 

j.  The  terminations  -ure,  -ured,  -uate,  --atio-n,  may  be  indicateil  by 
the  stem  Y;  as,  y^  insure;  '"-"V  infatuate;  ~^  infatuation; 


BPECIAL   RULES.  27 


x-o  pleasure;  /f  foreclosure.  It  is  also  allowable  to  indicate 
-ure  by  the  Ter-hook,  by  Chay  or  Jay  with  the  E-hook,  by  the 
Str-loop,  and  in  some  instances  by  lengthening;  as,  ^  culture; 
Sr£.  feature ;  ^^  mixture ;  V^  venture. 

%iT  Write  Exercise  XXIV.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

§26.  Further  Study. — The  student  who  has  faithfully  practiced 
the  exercises  of  the  Speed- Book  in  connection  with  the  preceding  sec- 
tions of  the  Manual,  has  now  learned  all  the  word  signs  and  a  large 
proportion  of  the  contractions  of  the  system.  At  this  point  in  his 
progress,  he  should  thoroughly  review  the  table  of  word-signs,  after 
which  he  may  learn  the  rules  for  Prefixes  and  Affixes,  pp.  50-52, 
writing  Exercise  XXVI.  of  the  Speed-Book,  which  illustrates  those 
rules.  The  table  of  Contractions  and  Word-Forms,  p  63,  should 
then  be  taken  up,  and  the  forms  not  already  learned  should  be  com- 
mitted to  memory. 

Most  of  the  rules  of  phrasing  have  also  been  learned  from  the  exer- 
cises in  the  Speed- Book.  Those  which  still  remain  to  be  learned,  are 
very  simple.  They  are  fully  illustrated  by  Exercises  XXV,  XXVII, 
XXVIII  and  and  XXIX.  After  these  exercises  have  been  written, 
and  the  rules  learned  upon  which  they  are  based,  a  thorough  review 
of  the  whole  book  is  earnestly  recommended.  The  exercises  begin- 
ning on  p.  87  of  the  Manual  will  furnish  excellent  matter  for  practice 
during  this  review. 

A  table  of  Contractions  and  Word-Forms,  alphabetically  arrang- 
ed, will  be  found  at  p.  53  of  the  Speed-Book.  This  table,  besides 
including  all  the  contractions  of  the  system,  contains  the  best  outlines 
for  a  large  number  of  words  of  frequent  occurrence,  and  the  student 
should  familiarize  himself  with  them.  The  outlines  are  indicated  by 
Stenotypy,  the  rules  for  which  are,  in  brief,  that  an  ordinary  capital 
letter  indicates  a  shorthand  stem  ;  that  an  Italic  capital  indicates  a 
stem  struck  upward  ;  that  small  letters  indicate  attachments  to  the 
stem,  such  as  circles,  loops  hooks,  etc.,  or  the  use  of  the  halving  or 
lengthening  principle  ;  and  that  a  superior  figure  indicates  the  posi- 
tion of  a  word  with  respect  to  the  line  of  writing. 


WORD-SIGNS. 

The  words  marked  (*)  are  used  in  phrasing  only.    The  word-signs  for  OH, 

should,  and  how,  are  written  upward. 

•                       \  /                          I                                  /                         o 

....He,The    ....All                ....  Awe,  Already  ....  He*            ...Is,  His 

.A                  /   Who                i    Oh,  Owe            ....  On                0  As*,  Has* 

v                                                             // 

Ah                \    Two,  Too     I,  High                 /  Should*            js  there 

.    An,  And      \   To*                 <^  First                  ....How*        ....  H-as  there 

\  \    \        Upon,  Property,  Occupy 
....    \  \  ..  Up,  Hope,  Pay 

/      \       x     Ease,  Easy 
....    /    ..  ),.Was,  Owes 

.                      Put,  Part,  Party,  Happy 

"     Has,  As,  Whose 

\  \    v        Be,  By,  Buy 

....    \  \  .  .  Before 

-J      i          She,  Wish 
'    J.  Shall,  Show 

x     About 

Should,  Issue 

What,  Ought,  Talk,  Between 

• 

At,  Take,  It 

—  ~s  Usual,  Usually 

•                       Out,  To,  But,  Took  [Dollar 

^~ 

,     Did,  Differ-ed-ent-cnce, 

'      r~  s~  While,  111,  Lie 

....    1    .  .  .  1  .  .  Do,  Defendant,  Day 

....         f      .  WiU,  Well,  Low 

i                    Had,  Add 

^                  Allow,  Whole,  Wholly 

/       /       /    Watch,  Each 
....  /       /..Which,  Change 
/'       Charge,  Much 

)   ~"N           From,  Here,  Hear 
1  ~x  .  .  Where,  Were,  Her 
,             )     Our,  Hour 

/     /      Object-ed,  Adjoin-ed 
—  '  •    /  .  .  Agent,  Age 

/    /      ,    Or                    [Recollect 
—  '     /  .  .  There,  Their,  They  are, 

Judge,  Large,  Advantage 

Recover,  Recovery,  Are 

[Week 
Common,  Commit-ted-tee, 

Me,  My,  Time1 

•••'••  •  Company,  Come,  Came     <f 
Can,  Accompany-ied, 

—  --  —  ^  May 
N    Am,  Whom 

Give,  Given           [County 

In,  Any 

—  __  Go,  Gave,  Against, 
—     Ago,  Together 

—  ^~-^  No,  Know 
^-^    Knew,  Own 

^_  ,                If,  Wife,  Form 
V_   \        For,  Forget,  Forgot 
v-"  After,  Half 

Not,  Need 
...   ^^  Under,  Hundred 
Nature,  Hand 

^_  I               Of,  Live 
.V_  i  .  .  .  Ever,  Heavy 
,            ^-     Have,  Above 

^~  ^^           Year,  Beyond 
r      f~     Yes,  Young 
You,  Your,  You  are 

V       (       ,     Thought 
.    V       f     Worth,  Oath,  Month 
,               '•-     Thank,  Youth 

"^  ^\           We,  Why,  Without, 
....      '  ~N  --  Whether,  Way     [Wheel 
1    Would,  Away 

(       /       ,      With,  Thy 
\       I    .  They,  Though,  Worthy 

-"•^                 Him,  High,  He* 
—  '*•"•»  When 

x                v     That,  Thou 

^"^    How 

)              x      See,  Saw 

>v—  "                  Think,  Long,  Thing 

....   )    .  .  )  .  .  So,  Say,  Us 

's—  -  '  Nothing,Among,Length 

House,  Sue 

2> 

^^    Language,  Along 

•Reading 


§3  ..j^\..^i..\.^..-vr:_A.-/7..  *^/../cT..,~/r... 
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WRITING  EXERCISES. 


§4,  b.  Me,  see,  we,  lee,  peak,  deem,  feel,  meal,  leak,  keel,  theme, 
sbeaf,  leave,  thee,  she,  thief,  keep  reap  reach,  bay.  may,  say,  way, 
lay,  bake,  dame,  fail,  mail,  lake,  cave  fade  lair,  fair,  shave,  name, 
rake,  chair,  vague,  pa,  ask,  far,  p;ir,  laugh,  jar,  farm,  mar,  tar,  bar, 
car,  march,  taw,  ought,  thaw,  caw,  maw,  bought,  talk,  chalk,  walk, 
pall,  laud,  haw,  gnaw,  taught,  fall,  maul,  haul,  daub,  Maud, 
wrought,  fought,  shawl,  tall,  Poe,  know,  go,  row,  road,  boat,  load, 
coal,  mole,  mowed,  dome,  coo,  pooh,  shoe,  rue,  chew,  rood,  food, 
tooth,  booth,  pool,  poor,  loop,  veto,  decay,  opaque,  obey,  Esau,  also, 
Cato,  uovo,  evoke,  repay,  rope,  coach. 

Paw,  pea,  pooh,  pa.  pay,  ape,  ope.  be,  bay,  bah,  bo,  Abe,  tea,  Tay, 
toe,  too,  eat,  ate,  ought,  oat,  day,  daw,  doe,  do,  aid,  awed,  owed, 
chaw,  etch,  jay,  jaw,  Joe,  age,  key,  caw,  Coe,  coo,  eke,  ache,  oak, 
gay,  oaf,  eve,  oath,  they,  though,  see,  say,  saw,  so,  ease,  awes,  owes, 
ooze,  lee,  lay,  la,  law,  low,  loo,  eel,  ail,  awl,  me,  may,  ma,  maw, 
mow,  aim,  nay,  knee,  gnaw,  no,  e'en,  own,  we,  way,  wo,  woo,  ye, 
yea,  he,  hay,  hah.  haw,  hoe.  Peat,  paid,  beat,  bait,  bought,  boat, 
boot,  teak,  talk,  deem,  dome,  doom,  cheek,  chair,  choke,  jeer,  joke, 
cape,  cope,  calm,  caulk,  comb,  cage,  balm,  keel,  gear,  game,  gawk, 
gage,  feat,  fade,  food,  evade,  evoke,  thought,  theme,  thole,  sheet, 
shade,  shape,  shame,  assure,  meed,  made,  mode,  mood,  neat,  nail, 
node,  note,  kneel,  uneasy. 

§4,  d.  Mill,  fill,  pick,  rip,  bill,  fib,  chick,  rich,  lip,  dip,  pill,  ship, 
fish,  Etch,  egg,  beg,  bell,  mell,  pet,  fed,  wreck,  check,  leg,  wretch, 
fetch,  edge,  ledge.  Tack,  back,  catch,  lap,  rap,  chap,  patch,  rack, 
match,  nag,  gap  jap,  gaff.  jag.  Knock,  rob,  chop,  botch,  lock,  fog, 
log,  top,  nod.  loll,  Tom,  bog,  dock.  Up,  us,  duck,  knuck,  buck, 
luck,  fudge,  rub,  chub,  cub,  tub,  cuff,  cup.  Xook,  look,  rook,  pull, 
book,  shook,  took,  foot,  full,  put,  could,  full,  bull. 

Lady,  navy,  lazy,  zero,  elbow,  meadow,  ruddy,  lucky,  mellow, 
racy,  halo,  lackey,  paddy,  natty,  filly,  lily,  rkmy,  Minnie,  merry, 


44  WRITING   EXERCISES. 


berry,  fellow,  catch,  carry,  match,  marry,  fair,  fairy,  veer,  vary,  vile, 
villa,  valley,  sherry,  Harry,  hero,  Vichy. 

Pot,  pet,  pat,  bet,  bat,  tick,  tuck,  tack,  dumb,  chip,  chap,  jug,  jag, 
cup,  kedge,  cab,  cod,  cuff,  gig,  gap,  fib,  fun,  fan,  fudge,  fag.  them, 
thumb,  thatch,  thick,  thill,  sham,  meadow,  nudge,  nib,  not,  nut,  nag. 

§4.  e.  Tie,  by,  die,  rye,  type,  dire,  mile,  knife,  ire.  ice,  eyes,  I'm, 
mighty,  Fido,  Milo,  Nina,  pica,  China,  writhe,  chide,  deny,  mica,  fiat 

Boy,  toy,  joy,  Roy,  foil,  coil,  decoy,  enjoy,  annoy,  alloy,  oily,  envoy. 

Bough,  vow,  cow,  cough,  dowry,  hour,  hourly,  endow,  avow,  allow. 

Pew,  due,  chew,  Jew,  few,  mule,  feud,  lure,  newly,  fury  bureau, 
beauty. 

§5.  Leap,  lobe,  lady,  latch,  lodge,  like,  look,  log,  lug,  levy,  lath, 
Lizzie,  lily,  lory,  Luna,  lying,  Lehigh.  Pillow,  billow,  tally,  daily, 
chilly,  jolly,  collie,  coolie,  gaily,  ugly,  fellow,  valley,  shyly,  shallow, 
roily,  mallow,  newly,  willow,  woolly,  Arab,  orb,  ark,  argosy,  Arno, 
erring,  army.  Rib,  robe,  ride,  route,  reach,  ridge,  rake,  rag,  rush, 
rouge,  rally.  Peal,  pyre,  bell,  bore,  tool,  tear,  jail,  jeer,  keel,  cure, 
feel,  far,  vile,  veer.  Elk,  allege,  alum,  alumni.  Aright,  arrayed, 
arch,  urge,  arrive.  Thayer,  theory,  Harry,  hurry,  hoary.  Romish, 
armada,  remedy,  Arrahoe,  rehash.  Airy,  area,  era,  Erie,  array, 
arrow,  awry,  Aurora.  Pacha,  bushy,  bashaw,  dashy,  tissue,  fishy. 

§7.  Widow,  web,  wick,  woke,  wag,  wig,  witch,  wedge,  walk,  war, 
wing.  Europe,  Yarrow,  Utica,  Yattau,  Yedo,  yoke,  youth,  yellow, 
Ure,  Yahoo. 

§8.  Sip,  sup,  sap,  peace,  pus,  pass,  sob,  boys,  seat,  sight,  sty,  stow. 
Safe,  suffice,  face,  phiz,  suffuse,  save,  salve,  vice,  voice,  views,  saith, 
sooth,  thaws,  seethe,  scythe,  these,  this,  those,  cease,  seize,  sighs,  size, 
mice,  mouse,  muse,  moose,  seen,  sane,  sawn,  soon,  sin,  son,  sign,  neice, 
nose,  news,  sing,  sung,  sang,  wise,  ways,  wooes,  use,  hause,  hies, 
hues.  Speedy,  speech,  spoke,  subdue,  Sabbath,  stake,  scope,  scathe, 
snore,  snug,  smack,  smoky,  small,  singing,  swap,  swab,  swing,  swag. 

Asp,  espy,  osage,  ask,  Ezra,  Isaac,  assume,  oozing,  assignee, 
Esty,  easier,  asthma.  Saucy,  busy,  lazy,  racy,  mossy,  posy,  rosy,  cosy, 
apostacy,  gypsy,  tipsy.  Ace,  so,  see,  say,  saw,  sue,  easy,  owes,  ooze, 
awes.  Sighing,  sewing,  scion,  science,  sigher.  Zeal,  zero,  czar,  zinc. 
Besought,  obesity,  beseech,  besiege,  tusk,  desk.  Audacity,  decide, 


WRITING   EXERCISES.  45 


Joseph.  Cusp,  cossack,  cask,  excite,  accede,  oxyde,  gasp,  faucet, 
physic,  fusty,  offset,  effusive,  vista,  visit,  visage,  evasive,  honesty, 
nasty,  inside,  unsaid,  unsafe,  unsung,  unseen.  Poison,  basin,  bison, 
dozen, dizen,chasten,chosen,  cousin,fasten, season,  Susan,  lessen.arson, 
mason.  Poisons,  basins,  bisons,  dozens,  dizens,  chastens,  Jason's,  cous- 
ins, fastens,  seasons,  Susan's,  lessens,  arsons,  masons. 

§  9.  Pauses,  poses,  passes,  bases,  abysses,  bosses,  abuses,  teases, 
tosses,  adduces,  cheeses,  chases,  chooses,  cases,  faces,  fusses,  theses, 
chaises,  leases,  laces,  losses,  loses,  maces,  misses,  musses,  masses,  noses, 
noises,  nooses,  roses.  Possess,  possessive,  possessor,  Mississippi,  em- 
phasis, necessary,  necessity,  excessive,  success,  exercise,  exhaust,  cen- 
sus. Recesses,  exercises,  excesses,  successes,  emphasizes,  abscesses. 

g  10.  Steep,  stoop,  step,  stop,  stab,  stubby,  state,  stout,  staid,stowcd, 
stood,  stitch,  stage,  stalk,  stoke,  stag,  stiff,  stuff,  staff,  stave,  steal, stale, 
stole,  stool,  star,  story,  stem,  pieced,  paced,  passed,  beast,  baste,boast, 
taste,  tossed,  test,  dosed,  dust,  chased,  chest,  just,  joust.  Feast,  faced, 
Faust, fist,  fast,  vest,  vast,  voiced,  theist, atheist,  ceased,  assist,  assessed, 
soused,  easiest,  zest,  leased,  laced,  lowest,  loosed,  arrest,  raced,  rest, 
rust,  missed,  moist,  west,  yeast.  Pests,  posts,  beasts,  busts,  tastes,  tests, 
dusts,  chests,  jousts,  costs,  coasts,  guests,  gusts,  feasts,  fasts,  vests, 
theists,  assists,  zests,  arrests,  rests,  mists,  wastes.  Paster,  pastor,  pos- 
ter, baster,  boaster,  taster,  toaster,  tester,  duster,  Chester,  juster,  coaster, 
caster,  f caster,  faster,  foster,  vaster,  Shaster,  lustre,  roster,  master,  mus- 
ter. Pasters,  boasters,  testers,  dusters,  Chester's,  coasters,  casters, 
fosters,  shysters,  lustres,  lasters,  rosters,  roosters.  Piston,  Posten,  Los- 
ton,  Dustin,  Justin,  Coston,  Gaston.  Liston,  Masten,  Westou.  Postern, 
pastern,  cistern,  wester". 

§  12.  Pro,  prow,  upper,  bray,  brow,  brew,  tree,  tray,  true,  try, Troy, 
trow,  eater,  otter,  outer,  dray,  draw,  drew,  dry,  aider,  odor,  adder, 
odder,  udder.  Etcher,  edger,  acre,  ochre,  crow,  crew,  eager,  ogre, 
auger,  gray,  grow,  grew,  fray,  fro,  fry,  free,  offer,  over,  ever,  three," 
throw,  through,  ether,  author,  either,  other,  easer,  Iser,  usher,  shrew, 
ailer,  oiler,  howler,  error,  emir,  aimer,  Homer,  hummer,  inner.  Peeper, 
paper,  pitcher,  baker,  betray,  botcher,  trainer,  deeper,  decree,  checker, 
chider,  jabber,  caper,  catcher,  calmer,  fakir,  f  etcher,  fiber,  vigor, 
shader,  leaper,  leper,  labor,  ladder,  Archer,  meeker,  matcher,  negro, 


46  WRITING   EXERCISES. 


roguery,  rocker,  wrecker,  wager,  parry,  opera,  apiary,  borrow,  berry, 
bureau,  bowery,  tyro,  tarry,  diary,  dowry,  cheery,  cherry  chary, 
carry,  augury,  firy,  foray,  fairy,  ferry,  furrow,  fury,  sherry,  showery, 
miry,  morrow,  merry,  Myra,  marrow,  Nora,  narrow,  hero,  Harry. 

§  13.  Plea,  play,  ply,  plow,  blow,  blew,  able,  addle,  idol,  agile,  claw, 
clay,  cloy,  clue,  eagle,  glow,  glue.  Flee,  flay,  flaw,  flew,  evil,  oval, 
easel,  earl,  only,  oral.  People,  papal,  pearl,  puzzle,  Babel,  babble, 
Bible,  tattle,  toddle,  tickle,  table,  toggle,  dapple,  deploy,  chapel, 
cheaply,  cockle,  cackle,  camel,  girl,  fickle,  vocal,  thickly,  local,  likely, 
liable,  label,  arable,  rabble,  model,  nickel,  weakly.  Pillow,  happily, 
belie,  billow,  bellow,  tallow,  tally,  daily,  delay,duly,  chilly,  jolly,  jelly, 
July,  elegy,  collie,  coolie,  gaily,  gulley,  gala,  folly,  fellow,  follow, 
volley,  villa,  valley,  vile,  mellow,  mallow,  newly,  relay,  rally,  royal, 
holly,  hollow,  hilly,  halo,  hallow. 

§  14.  Spray,  spry,  sapper,  supper,  sober,  saber,  stray,  straw,  strew, 
suitor,  sitter,  setter,  cedar,  sadder,  cider,  suture,  sager,  sicker,  soaker, 
safer,  cypher,  suffer,  savor,  sealer,  seemer,  simmer,  saner,  signer, 
singer,  pastry,  poisoner,  beseiger,  tasker,  decipher,  destroy,  descry, 
disagree,  gossamer,  vestry,  vesper,  massacre,  mastery,  extra.  Supple, 
supply,  sable,  settle,  subtil,  saddle,  sidle,  satchel,  sickle,  cycle,  civil, 
sizzle.  Peaceable,  paschal,  phthisical,  disclose,  disciple,  disable,  explo- 
sive, gospel,  physical,  visible,  useful. 

§  15.  Partial,  paraphrase,  parsimony,  perceive,  purple,  dark,  cheer- 
ful, Charles,  journey,  journal,  church,  kernel,  courage,  course,  excur- 
sive, nearly,  more,  tell,  till,  delicacy,  call,  cull,  cool,  college,  calumny, 
gulf,  unskilful,  fill,  fell,  fulfil,  falsify,  velocity,  volume,  valuable, 
vulgar,  village,  vulnerable. 

§  16.  Pine,  spine,  pun,  plain,  prone,  Spain,  pan,  plan,  bin,  brain, 
brown,  tone,  tun,  tine,  train,  stain,  tune,  Dane,  done,  sudden,  drown, 
chain,  chin,  Jane,  join,  June,  keen,  crane,  clown,  skin,  screen,  gain, 
gone,  gown,  fain,  fawn,  fan,  often,  stiffen,  vain,  van,  even,  seven, 
Thane,  thin,  then,  thine,  assign,  sheen,  shun,  shine,  sullen,  slain,  lawn, 
earn,  stern,  reign,  Rhine,  mean,  moan,  Simon,  marine,  moon,  known, 
nine,  noon,  swain,  swan,  one,  wine,  yawn,  Pekin,  pippin,  pigeon, 
pennon,  bacon,  beaten,  Buffon,  obtain,  bemoan,  barn,  balloon,  tighten, 
ottoman,  turn,  detain,  dungeon,  domain,  chicken,  cheapen,  capon, 
kitchen,  cunning,  griffin,  gammon,  focman,  vanish,  thicken,  linen, 


WRITING   EXERCISES.  47 


yeoman,  pines,  spines,  sprains,  bones,  bans,  buns,  tones,  trains,  stains, 
strains,  tense,  dins,  dense,  drowns,  Siddons,  chains,  chance,  joins, 
canes,  coins,  gains,  groans,  glance,  fence,  softens,  fawns,  veins,  heav- 
ens, Athens,  thence,  assigns,  oceans,  shuns,  shines,  lens,  loans,  lance, 
rains,  rinse,  runs,  means,  immense,  nonce,  announce,  wines.  Benson, 
Johnson,  Robinson,  Wisconsin.  Pounced,  pranced,  bounced,  danced, 
chanced,  against.  Spinster,  punster,  spinsters,  punsters.  Princes, 
prances,  pounces,  bounces,  trounces,  dunces,  chances,  sconces,  cleanses, 
glances. 

§  17.  Pave,  approve,  puff,  beef,  brief,  bluff,  tough,  dove,  drove, 
chief,  chafe,  chaff,  Jove,  cuff,  cliff,  crave,  carve,  grief,  grove,  leaf, 
slave,  lave,  luff,  laugh,  reef,  rave,  roof,  move,  miff,  muff,  knave, 
knife,  enough,  weave,  woof,  spavin,  Tiffany,  divine,  achieving,  jovial, 
cover,  govern,  lover,  river,  revery,  nymph,  traffic,  defense.  Paves, 
puffs,  beeves,  doves,  coves,  raves,  moves,  knives,  slaves,  weaves. 

§  19.  Twins,  twain,  twice,  twenty,  Edwin,  quaff,  queen,  quince, 
quail,  quill,  queer,  Gwinn,  quarrel,  query,  quest,  squib,  square, 
bequest. 

§  20.  Peter,  platter,  potter,  splutter,  beater,  bather,  bitter,  bother, 
blotter,  brother,  tighter,  traitor,  tatters,  chatter,  crater,  clatter,  gaiters, 
graters. 

§  21.  Palm,  prim,  prime,  plum,  balm,  bomb,  broom,  bloom,  brim, 
team,  tame,  tomb,  trim,  tramway,  dim,  dumb,  dream,  dram,  chum, 
chime,  Jim,  gems,  jam,  calm,  comb,  cam,  crime,  clime,crumb,  chrome, 
gleam,  groom,  grim,  gloom,  fame,  foam,  vim,  thumb,  them,  sachem, 
shame,  sham,  limb,  lame,  loam,  slam,  lime,  arm,  rim,  room,  roam, 
rhymes,  maim,  ma'am,  mum,  mummery,  name,  gnome. 

§  22.  Potion,  passion,  option,  edition,  addition,  auction,  caution, 
occasion,  action,  fashion,  fusion,  evasion,  vision,  ovation,  session, 
elision,  elation,  illusion,  allusion,  oration,  erosion,  ration,  mission, 
emotion,  nation,  notion,  unction,  petition,  palliation,  pollution,  ablu- 
tion, ebullition,  tertian,  education,  adoption,  devotion,  admission,  de- 
lusion, adulation,  adoration,  ejection,  junction,  fiction,  affection,  fac- 
tion, affliction,  function,  vacation,  avocation,  variation,  location,  lega- 
tion, elevation,  erection,  irrigation,  rotation,  imitation,  magician, 
monition,  ammunition,  notation,  invasion.  Potions,  editions,  cautions, 
actions,  fashions,  visions,  sessions,  allusions,  portions,  narrations.  Pro- 
fessional, optional,  exceptional,  educational,  devotional,  sectional,  fac- 
tional, functional,  emotional,  national,  notional,  rational,  irrational. 
Petitioner,  stationary,  dictionary,  auctioneer,  electioneer,  visionary. 
Petitioned,  pensioned,  proportioned,  cautioned,  occasioned,  motioned, 


48  WHITING     EXERCISES. 


fashioned.  Proportionate,  affectionate.  Opposition,  position,  posses- 
sion, causation,  accession,  accusation,  precision,  procession,  physician, 
cessation,  incision,  transition,  musician.  Possessions,  accessions, 
processions.  Processional,  transitional,  sensational. 

§  23.  Peat,  pate,  pit,  pet,  pat,  bead,  bode,  bid,  bud,  bowed,  taught, 
tote,  toot,  tight,  deed,  date,  dad,  died,  dude,  cheat,  chat,  jawed,  jewed, 
caught,  coat,  Kate,  kite,  cute,  gait,  goad,  get,  God,  good,  guide,  feat, 
fate,  fought,  fit,  fat,  foot,  evade,  vat,  vied,  void,  vowed,  viewed,  east, 
oust,  eased,  oozed,  sheet,  shoot,  shot,  shut,  shout,  lead,  load,  laid,  let, 
lot,  light,  allowed,  art,  heart,  erred,  rate,  wrought,  wrote,  route,  write, 
rout,  rut,  meet,  made,  mode,  might,  need,  note,  weed,  wait,  wooed, 
yacht,  pride,  plate,  pained,  puffed,  paltered,  palmed,  supped,  braid, 
blood,  bend,  abaft,  sobbed,  treat,  told,  tuned,  luft,  sighted,  dried, 
addled,  dunned,  daft,  dimmed,  sodded,  cheered,  chained,  chilled, 
achieved,  chimed,  chattered,  charred,  joined,  jammed,  cried,  cold, 
conned,  coughed,  catered,  calmed,  skate,scanned,  agreed,  glad, gained, 
gift,  gathered,  gummed,  goods,  fright,  flat,  faint,  fifed,  fumed,  soft, 
feats,  averred,  valued,  vend,  saved,  vats,  vents,  thread,  thinned,  theft, 
thumbed,  soothed,  shield,  shunned,  shift,  shamed,  shoots,  Lord,  lined, 
left,  loomed,  lights,  slight,  errand,  armed,  arts,  seared,  rolled,  round, 
rift,  roomed,  rights,  marred,  mind,  muffed,  maimed,  meets,  neared, 
knifed,  named,  needs,  word,  wield,  wind,  waved,  swayed,  yield. 
Motive,  talkative,  active,  ablative,  operative,  susceptive,  adjective, 
elective,  captive,  negative,  provocative,  speculative,  lucrative,  prepar- 
ative, figurative,  defective,  productive,  native,  destructive,  irruptive. 

§25.  Needed,  noted,  mated,  sifted,  wanted,  undoubted,  invited, 
pretended,  waited,  sorted,  emitted,  fitted,  worded,  wended,  rewarded, 
knotted,  vaunted,  exempted.  Accomplishment,  negotiate,  negotia- 
tion, virtuous,  feature,  verdure,  attraction,  destruction,  distraction, 
obstruction,  abstraction,  application,  assignment,  attainment,  achieve- 
ment, postmaster,  postage,  postal,  dumped,  pumped,  glimpse,  breast- 
pin, contract,  attract,  fact,  effect,  affliction,  insure,  insurance,  pleas- 
ure, treasure,  foreclosure,  insinuation,  fluctuation,  infatuation. 

§  26.  The  student  has  now  gone  through  all  the  principles  of  Pho- 
netic Short-hand,  and  is  about  to  enter  upon  a  new  branch  of  the  study 
which  will  greatly  increase  his  ability  to  make  practical  use  of  what 
he  has  thus  far  learned.  The  list  of  word-signs  should  be  thoroughly 
committed  to  memory,  and  the  positions  of  the  various  signs  must  also 
be  learned.  The  exercise  on  the  word-signs  should  be  read  and 
reread  many  times,  until  every  word  is  known  at  sight.  After  these 
word-signs  are  thoroughly  learned,  the  student's  further  progress  will 
be  more  rapid.  Now, 

Patience  and  Perseverance. 


jEjercise  on  tbe 


I  will  pay  for  the  property,  when  I  go  there.  I  hope  he  will  call 
upon  you,  before  you  buy.  Buy  what  you  can  pay  for,  and  pay  for 
what  you  buy.  You  can  talk  it  up  with  him  before  he  goes.  Did 
you  take  it  away  before  he  came  home?  He  took  it  out  at  that  time, 
and  returned  it.  What  day  do  you  think  we  had  better  go?  They 
forgot  to  change  it,  and  it  is  now  too  late.  Watch  each  ruling  of  the 
judge,  and  object  when  you  can.  I  can  accompany  the  committee, 
if  they  come  this  week.  The  object  of  the  agent  was  to  get  the  advan- 
tage. What  is  the  difference  in  value  between  the  different  pieces? 
He  charged  too  much,  and  more  than  I  would  give.  It  was  given  to 
him,  and  he  gave  it  to  me.  It  took  too  much  of  my  time,  to  show 
the  house.  How  long  do  you  think  the  thing  will  keep  us?  I  forget 
her  age,  but  I  know  she  is  yet  young.  I  wish  she  would  show  us  the 
whole  house  to-day.  What  is  the  issue  between  the  parties,  that  you 
are  to  try?  The  property  adjoined  his,  and  he  paid  a  hundred  dollars 
for  it.  I  shall  have  above  two  hundred  feet,  after  selling  that.  They 
think  she  may  recover,  now,  but  she  may  not.  So,  you  say  you  saw 
them  together  among  the  company?  Why  did  you  go  away,  without 
asking  his  price  ?  1  do  not  recollect  much  of  what  I  saw  there.  There 
are  a  few,  but  he  will  not  sell  them.  Do  you  think  him  a  worthy  man 
for  the  place?  His  youth  is  not  against  him,  if  he  is  worthy.  I  for- 
get the  form  of  it,  but  it  is  too  large.  He  bought  it  for  his  wife,  when 
she  was  away.  Where  were  you,  wrhen  our  friends  were  here  from 
Rome?  They  delayed  us  an  hour  beyond  the  time  they  set.  I  am 
not  aware  of  his  having  need  of  it.  Whom  did  you  meet,  on  your 
way  to  the  train?  How  much  did  he  owe  you,  when  his  assignment 
was  made?  He  may  have  some  excuse  which  you  do  not  know.  I 
will  see  whether  he  will  sell  it,  before  I  go.  He  thought  it  was  loo 
high  and  too  heavy  for  him.  They  broke  the  wheel,  as  they  were 
driving  on  the  street.  I  know  but  little  of  the  language,  and  shall 
not  go.  How  long  ago  did  you.  buy  the  house  j'ou  live  in  ?  They 
usually  know  where  to  find  the  best  articles.  It  is  easy  to  tell  whose 
work  that  was.  He  has  as  many  as  you  will  need,  I  think.  He  can 
not  recollect  when  or  where  he  saw  it.  Did  you  ever  know  the 
Smiths,  of  Smithville,  Kentucky  ?  They  are  kind  and  generous  to 
all,  but  they  are  quiet  people.  The  first  is  there,  already,  and  the 
second  will  come  to-morrow.  We  shall  visit  them  again,  another 
year,  if  we  can.  Do  not  judge  of  a  man's  actions,  upon  hearsay.  She 
had  no  thought  of  going,  before  they  came.  If  the  student  will  frame 
sentences  of  his  own,  made  up  from  these  word-signs,  it  will  be  of 
advantage  to  him. 


PREFIXES. 

1.  Accom  is  represented  by either  joined  to  the  succeeding 

portion  of  the  word,  or  disjoined,  as  may  be  most  convenient. 

2.  Com,  con,  cog,  may  be  written  with  a  dot  at  the  beginning  of 
the  first  stem  in  a  word  ;  or, 

3.  By  disjoining  the  other  portions  of  a  word  at  the  place  where 
either  of  these  syllables  occurs. 

4.  Contra,  contri,  counter,  by  using  the  Con-dot,  or  by  —^    fol- 
lowed by      i    or  /  according  to  convenience  in    joining   to  the 
remainder  of  the  word. 

5.  Fore,  for,  by  the  stem  V_  joined  to  the  remainder  of  the  word. 

6.  In,  un,  on,  by  an  initial  back-hook,  when  followed  by  the 
S  circle,  if  ^^  will  not  readily  join. 

7.  Inter,  intro,  and  enter,  by  x_x   either  joined  or  disjoined.     If 
disjoined,  it  should  be  written  in  the  position  of  the  first  vowel,  as 
shown  in  the  illustrations. 

8.  Magna,  magni,  by  a  disjoined    ^-^  written  over  or  near  the 
remainder  of  the  word.      /— ^—  May  be  used  for  magnify  and  its 
derivatives,  and  also  for  the  word  magnitude. 

9.  Ed,  by  ^  x 

10.  Self,  by  the  syllable  written  in  full,  where  convenient ;  in  other 
cases,  by  a  small  circle  near  the  following  stem  of  the  word. 

11.  There  should  alwajrs  be  written  with  the  word  sign  /  but 
in  such  words  as  thereupon,  therefore,  thereafter,  the  inclination  of 
the  Ray  should  be  changed  in  such  manner  that  the  remainder  of  the 
word  may  be  written  in  its  proper  position. 

AFFIXES. 

12.  Ble,  Uy,  may  be  indicated  by    \    or,  where  the  hook  cannot 
be  easily  made,  by  \    alone. 

13.  Bleness,   by  ^  disjoined  and  written  through  the  line.     In 
some  cases,  the  hook  is  omitted  and  the  affix  is  joined  to  the  word. 

14.  Ed,  by  halving  the  last  stem  in  a  word  ;  by  a  half-length  |  , 
disjoined!  after  a  full-length    stem  ;  or,  by   the  tick  provided   in 
§25. 

15.  Ential,  entially,  may  be  indicated  by  J  following  an  N-hook. 

Essential  and  essentially,  however,  are  better  written    } ,  x 

50 


AFFIXES.  51 

16.  Ever,  by  the  F  hook  ;  soever,  by   ^_    x 

17.  For,  fore,  form,  by   V_  joined  to  the  preceding  portion  of  the 
word. 

18.  Ful,  fully,  by  the  Ef-hook,  except  when  the  affix  follows  a 
circle  or  hook,  in  which  case  it  may  be  indicated  by  V^_    x 

19.  Fulness,  by   ^  written  through  the  line  near  the  preceding 
portion  of  the  word. 

20.  Ing  should  be  written  with  -^/  whenever  it  can  be  easily 
joined.     Where  the  stem  cannot  be  used  conveniently,  ing  may  be 
indicated  by  a  dot  at  the  END  of  the  last  stem  of  the  word.     In  such 
words  as  exceedingly,  the  Ing-dot  may  be  placed  at  the  end  of  the  stem 
preceding    (    x 

21.  A  perpendicular  or  horizontal  tick,  struck  across  the  last  stem 
of  a  word,        in  the  place  of  the  Ing-dot,  indicates  the  syllable  ing 
followed  by  a,  an,  or  and.    An  inclined  tick,  in  the  same  position, 
indicates  ing  followed  by  the. 

22.  When  a  word  ends  with  ing,  it  is  often  convenient  to  express 
that  syllable  by  beginning  the  succeeding  word  near  the  lug-dot 
place  ;  or,  by  striking  the  first  stem  of  the  succeeding  word  through 
the  last  stem  of  the  preceding  one. 

23.  lays  may  be  written  with  ^j>  or  by  putting  a  circle  in  place  of 
the  Ing-dot. 

24.  L-ty  and  R-ty,  in  such  words  as  formality,  popularity,  may  be 
expressed  by  disjoining  a  stem  from  the  preceding  portion  of  a  word. 
Bility,  lie  or  Uy,  may  be  expressed  after  an  S-circle  by    \   without 
disjoining  it. 

25.  Lessnezs,  by  (*  written  on  the  line  near  the  preceding  portion 
of  the  word. 

26.  Mental,  mentality,  by  ^  written  on  the  line  near  the  preceding 
portion  of  the  word. 

27.  Ology,  ological,  by  the  stem    /  either  joined  or  disjoined. 

28.  Ography,   ograpJier,   by  the    stem  —.   with  or  without  the 
R-hook. 

29.  Self,  selves,  by  the  syllable,  written  out.     In  a  few  instances  it 
is  more  convenient  to  indicate  the  syllable  by  a  circle. 

30.  Skip,  by   J    joined  or  disjoined. 

X.  B.— When  a  Prefix  or  Affix  is  disjoined,  it  should  be  written  as  near 
the  remainder  of  the  word  as  can  be  conveniently  done  without  touching  it. 


prefixes. 


''-"if 


t- 


15. ..\._..i. __ 

s  A 

ie..*!^..K-.£~~0-»-^:g-. 

17  .^^.^L-.^....S-.~- 

19..1...  V-./T.....^.  ./rr 

Vo          \o       xi      fc  vo         vo 


I . 


~t^-  T 

K C_. 


l-\-  -«\. 


26..., 


28  ..r.-.j 


JC 


PREFIXES. 


1.  Accomplish,  accomplishment,  accommodation,  accommodated. 

2.  Concatenation,  combination,  contradiction,  conferred,  contend. 

3.  Unconditional,  recompense,  irreconcilable,  recognition. 

4.  Contraband,  contribute,  contravene,  countei-mand,  counterplea. 

5.  Foreman,  forenoon,  formidable,  forbid,  foreseen. 

0.  Inspiration,  inseparable,  insolvent,  inconsideration,  insurmountable. 

7.  Interview,  introduce,  intermediate,  introversion,  entertain. 

8.  Magnanimous,  magnanimity,  Magna  Charta,  magniloquence. 
!>.  IJelation,  relator,  relative,  reliable,  relevant. 

10.  Selfesteem,  selfhood,  selfish,  selfevident,  selfmade.    Selfdenial,  self- 
defense,  selfabasement,  self  control,  selfconceit. 

11.  Thereat,  thereto,  thereby,  thereabout,  therefor,  thereafter. 


AFFIXES. 

12.  Unable,  notable-y,  feasible-y..  insensible-y,  profltable-y. 

13.  Ciirableness,  tractableness,  changeableness,  profitableness. 
11.  Hated,  acted,  located,  imitated,  agitated. 

15.  Prudential,  penitential,  deferential,  credential,  inferential. 
10.  \Vhenever,  whatever,  whichever,  wherever.    Whosoever,  howsoever, 
whatsoever. 

17.  Therefor-e,  inform,  platform,  uniform,  transform. 

18.  Careful,  cheerful,  hopeful,  thoughtful.    Successful,  armful,  painful. 

19.  Cheerfulness,  hopefulness,  lawfulness,  usefulness,  wilf ulness. 

20.  Being,  knowing,  seeing,  allowing,  showing.    Doing,  watching,  com- 
mitting, going.    Exceedingly,  accordingly. 

21.  Taking  a,  watching  a,  giving  a.    Doing  the,  changing  the,  giving  the. 

22.  Becoming  acquainted,  storing  goods,  adjourning  the  case,  recovering 
himself,  dismissing  the  action.    Asking  pardon,  receiving  them,  striking  out, 
having  done,  balancing  accounts,  watching  him. 

23.  Complainings,  openings,  fastenings,  pleadings,  proceedings,  doings  or 
doing  his. 

24.  Credibility,  mutability,  carnality,  popularity,  feasibility,  sensibility. 

25.  Thoughtlessness,  carelessness,  fearlessness,  uselessness,  faithlessness. 
~v>.  Hudimental,  monumental,  fundamental,  alimental,  instrumental. 

27.  Theology,  physiology,  geology,  psychology,  biology,  phrenology. 

28.  Geography-er,  stenography-er,  bk»graphy-er. 

29.  Yourself,  myself,  itself,  of  itself,  in  itself,  ourselves,  themselves. 

30.  Friendship,  hardship,  workmanship,  companionship,  ownership. 

gW  Word-signs  may  often  be  used  as  prefixes  or  affixes. 

53 


READING    EXERCISES. 

The  following  Reading  Exercises  should  be  read  over  many  times, 
until  every  outline  is  understood.  Many  of  the  words  in  them  are 
abbreviations,  which  will  be  found  in  the  table  of  Contractions  and 
Word-Forms.  Whenever  such  words  are  met  with,  the  student  may 
refer  to  the  corresponding  Writing  Exercise  as  a  key.  By  the  time 
he  can  read  the  engraving  readily,  he  will  have  become  familiar  with 
a  large  number  of  the  contractions,  and  the  labor  of  committing 
them  to  memory  will  thus  be  materially  lessened. 

After  becoming  able  to  read  these  exercises  without  hesitation,  the 
student  should  turn  to  the  corresponding  Writing  Exercises,  begin- 
ning on  page  105,  and  write  them  carefully,  afterwards  comparing 
his  writing  with  the  engraving  and  making  necessary  corrections. 
This  should  be  repeated  until  he  can  write  every  character  with 
accuracy. 

The  flexibility  of  this  system  of  writing  is  such,  that  words  may 
often  be  written  in  two  or  more  different  ways,  either  of  which  is 
entirely  legible  and  perfectly  legitimate  under  the  rules.  For  example, 
the  word  calendar  may  be  written  in  either  of  the  following  ways : 


Examples  will  be  found  in  the  exercises  given  for  practice,  where 
the  same  word  is  written  with  different  outlines  in  different  parts  of  the 
book.  The  student,  however,  should  always  use  the  same  outline  for 
a  particular  word,  after  having  decided  which  way  of  writing  it  he 
prefers.  In  such  words  as  fall  under  the  rule  at  §  25,  b,  great  care 
should  be  taken  to  select  distinct  and  unambiguous  forms  for  words 
of  similar  consonantal  formation.  Most  of  the  words  in  the  English 
language  which  come  under  this  rule,  are  contained  in  the  Word- 
Book,  with  engraved  outlines  of  the  best  and  most  facile  forms. 

Where  negative  words  are  formed  from  positives  beginning  with 
with  R  or  L,  the  outlines  given  in  the  table  of  illustrations  on  page 
85  are  recommended  as  generally  preferable  to  surh  as  would  result 

from  the  rule  at  §  2,  d,  for  writing  those  letters  after  an  initial  vowel. 

54 


almanac  flDafeer. 


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56 


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THE    EARLY    AMERICAN    GIANT. 


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THE    EARLV    AMERICAN    GIANT. 


59 


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STENOGRAPHERS    IN     NEW    YORK. 


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CONTRACTIONS  AND  WORD-FORMS. 

SIMPLE  CO 

NTRACTIONS. 

Public-ly-ish-ed 
Publication 
Peculiar-ly-ity 

Perpendicular-ly 
Pecuniary 
Operation 
Portion               [ison 
Apportion,  Compar- 
Became,  Become 

By  virtue  of 
Bond  and  mortgage 
Better 

Better  than 
At  any  rate 
Technical-ly-ity 
At  last 
Diguify-ied-ty 
Democrat  -ic-cy 

Domestic 
Downward 
Doctrine-al 

Determine 
Determined 
Determination 
Danger 
Dangerous 
Declare 

Declaration 
Demonstrate 
Demonstration 

Chattel  mortgage 
Changeable-y 
Chargeable-y 
January 
Agency 
Advantageous 

Capable-y-ity 

Acknowledge 
Acknowledged 

Acknowledgement 
Commonly 
Common  law 

'  Commercial-lv 
Catholic 
Roman  Catholic 

-\ 

October 
8uite 
ould 

Altogether 
Good  deal 
Good  while 
Pew 
February 
Former 

Formerly 
Forgiven 
Affidavit 

Effect 
Affect,  Fact 
Convict 

Verse,  Various 
Versed 
Version,  Variation 
Especial-ly 
Essential-ly 
Assume 

Assumption 
Assignment 

Establish-ed 

Establishment 
Eastern,  Astronomy 
East  and  West 
Easterly 
Eastward 
Legislate-d-or-ure 
Legislation 
Represent-ed 
Representat  i  ve 

Representation 
Original-ly-ate-d 
Regular-ly 

Republic-ish-ed 
Republican 
Regeneration 
Require 
Required 
Architect  -ure-al 

Argue-ment 
Reform-ed 
Reformation 

Retrospect 
Wherefore 
Heretofore 

x~~~                ~{~ 

Vi.x^---^- 

"7 

\     jt               \ 
\£         \    -Jfr   \__. 

\^-  ^. 

S/.C_-v 

i 

v?_.L..JL.. 

i  VJ--- 

^y^^L/^ 

.^...L-.U- 

Mr*- 

HH~ 
iiL 

H-*: 

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^°     L 
i.._  9- 

^      \     n 

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ill 

^A-.^.-l 

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64                                    CONTRACTIONS  AND   WORD  FORMS. 

"A        /\.   /\    Arrangement    [rive 

IXITIAI 

t  CIRCLES. 

Reverend,  Revenue 
.       /    o  '    *"*>  Revolution 

o                   O 
o 

Is,  His 
As,  Has 
Is  his,  His  is 

As  has,  As  is 
And  so  forth 
Speak,  Speech 

Spoke,  Specjfd-ly 
Expect-ed 
Spoken 

Exception 
Expectation 
Expense-ive-ly 
Expanse-ive-ly 
Expand 
Subject,  Subpoena 
Subjective-ly 
Subjection 
Subjected 
Satisfy-ied 
Satisfies 
Satisfaction 
Satisfactory 
Satisfactorily 
Circumstantial-ly, 
[Extension 
Circumstance,    Ex- 
Setoff       [tensive-ly 
Set  forth 
Consist 
System 
Considerate 

Situate-d 
Situation 
Suggest-ed-ion 

Suggestive-ly 
Consequence 
Consequent  ial-ly 
Consequent-ly    [ied 
Signature,   Signit'y- 
Significant-ly 

Signlftoance 

Signification 
Sufficient 
Sufficiency 
Several 
Southeast 
Southeastern 
Southern 
Certainly 
Certify 
Certification 
Circumference 

Import  -ant 
'"^NO           ^"^X,    Importance 

-0--t-"- 

^  ^  V. 
V-v-.-V 
a.  V. 

Imperfect 
,  —  v.                    ,-  Improvement 

Mutual-ly 
*  s-v-x.  -i    Maturity 

Manufacture-d 
,—  ^r^—  i    •^~->  Manufactory 

i         Immediate-ly 

s  ••  —  1  Movement 
^-v=j--^i^  Material-ly 
Any  other 

No  other 

*    ^ 
V,    \,     \ 

-P      f       p 

Now 

—  <    —  •»-'  —  i     Any  way 
V  Anything 
*  Envelope 
^—  A              v_^\  Anybody 

f  •    6      o 

-y-^-1- 
t   t    c 

Neighborhood 
—  *~^«  s~^~—  9    Inquire-y 

P   P    i 

In  accordance  with 

v  ^      Engage-d 
.-^r^r.s_^rTe__v^  Negotiated 
Inform-ed 
v  .       ^-\^    v—  i    Information 

f  /  f 

£  -»  ^ 

November,  Never 

'^  V,  •—<)  Anniversary 
;r\.  ..  Involution     [tial-lv 
Influential-ly,  Ini- 
^-i    Nevertheless 

*-»  ^  ^ 

6                         Intelligence 

K         Y  Intelligent 
i?         ..  .  L-,  Notifv 

^<L     £ 

Until 

•  —  \                         Entire 
.../-.j^X-wrrr-.  Natural-ly 
Undertake 
«-\,    Undertaken 

^^)"                 Vi 

&...-L.-&<~s 

lu 

Individual-ly 

°^^ 

CONTRACTIONS   AND   WORD  FORMS.                                    65 

Somebody 

CT\i£~3S-_0r>rT>    Sometime 
Some  of  the  time 

cn/_  Cemetery 

i_          1                Dissimilar-ity 
"  '      /.,        J-     Conditional-lv 

^*     Additional-ly 
i           1        "1         Disclaini-ed 

Similar-it.  v 
<$~  ^                         Similarly 
..L-.-rCa.--—-    Some  one.  Summon 
°3    Examine 

Examined 
""v"  Examination 

^-      ^e    Disqualification 
^       —  °      Down  stairs 

Because 
—  ^o    Actionable-y 

i5T>       tf~fr               Southwesterly 

<j_^       o,    Southwestern 
<Ti                    1     Siugle-xilar-lv-itv 

Exchange-d 
/    Counsel-cil 

Singly 
FIXAL  CIRCLKS  AM)  LOOPS 

\>      \        V       Possible-y-ity 

Customer-ary 
—  rf~>         /   Accustom 

Kxecntor-y 

-^    i           Executrix 
j  .  -0  .  .0  xfi_i.    Extraordiuiirv-ilv 

-3i"  Positive-ly 
l'l>  stairs 
V       V/     Possess 

Efficient 

,             /                  Efficiency         [geou 
.St_A-.yi../.  .    Physician  and  Sur- 
/    •*                 Thonsand-th 

f           (                   These 
*  *-   ---£,--    Tliis 
*       Those 

^e.    ^^                 Reason 

Observe-d 

Bonds  and  mort- 
VT>       {,         \>        Bondsman 

Advertised 

III          Advertisement 

Most  of  the  time 
-  —  s  —  ^~*  —  •>          Mistake 

Testament 

i        i           Testify 
.b.  L..jf^^.    Testified 
Testimony 

11           1       December 

i>  <k  Jb__  Destruction 
4>        '         Discluu-Lte-d 
i                               Disadvantage 

Mistook 

'"<O     ^~\      Mistiovern-ed 
^~d-~>                 '      All- 

Mrs. 
^~O       ^~»               Mi-~i-~ 
-/--^-^2t     Messenger 
Mention 
v_p      *~<ff     Mentioned 

'           "^               Administrate 

Administrative 
-L.  JL*K--.isO.  Administration 
*>                         Administrator 
i         ]  Administratrix 

Influenced 
v£>                ^-f       Inttuenro 

Inconsiderate 

^_c  —             v  —  £     Insignificant 
SV:  Inasmuch 
Institute 
*-£>      *-£>     ^r>    Institution 

"                              Discontiuue-d 

Disorganized 

Instead 
Next  flav 

i  N^|-S_RrT-.«fcU?r>     _\ext  we'ek 

Next  time 

DiM-riminat  ion 

66                                    CONTRACTIONS  AND  WORD  FORMS. 

*-\    Next  month 
S^-.-VY*  6-  Next  year 
Indispensible-y 
S>         f       vo     Interest 

,.            A        A       Brother  iu  law 
-V  "  "3  "    Remembrance 
Brethren 
.          1          1      Transient 

Anticipate 
°?         ^n       -^o     Anticipation 

<^                             Truth 
1         0        True 
T.  J  J.       Eterual-lv-it  v 

Understand 
^^                -v    Notwithstanding 

Controversy  ' 
o         'L         0        Trustworthy 

Western 

-y     --\         -N     Westerly 
•--  *?*  <j-   Once  more 
v   Once  or  twice 

H-1IOOK. 

\       *\       ^       Appear,  Proper 
V    Upper,  Purpose 
Practice 

Practiced 

V                    ^-     Transfer-red 
H          l\/      1       Treasure-r 

Contract,  Tried 

Trade,  Tract,  To- 
-L  -_  J--    Attract             [ward 
*      Attraction 

1          a                  Dear 
-L         1       Doctor 

During,  Dark 

1          1                   Drink 
J          1       Drunk 

\    Practicable-y 
^>         ~          %       Perhaps,  Propose 

"       Drank,  Darken 

1                              Direction 
.A  'JL  1_.    Duration 
Direct,  Day  or  two 
1          1.        Darkens,  Darkness 
1          "         X.     Derive 

No     \               Profit 
«\                           Particular,  Pride 
!\  cc~~  Opportunity  Prettv 

Proud 

><\       f\       Project-ed 
_-.-\  -V-   Projection 
/f         '       Privilege 

c\       c\         %     Person 
>a      j>s)  Personal-lv    [fessor 

Derivative 
y         f        Charity 

Adjournment 

y       Jury,  Larger,Junior 
.7  .7.^.  -.«/___   Juryman 
f^>       N       Jurisprudence 
fc  —              Jurisdiction 

f                   Perfect-ed-ly,  Pro- 
<N        ]Jroof,  Prove 
^\^     c\           ^  .  Approve-al 

^                Perfection 
,x                 Proficient  -cy 
*\f*      *       ^    Comprehend-ed 

Care,  Occur 
c  —  —   c  *    Accrue,  Car,  Cure 

1  Principal-ly  !                                   Corrective 
<\        -\     Apprehend-ed              c  e  c  —  ?  <r~r  Correction 
5\j.  "--  Comprehension                                      /     r,M-w,-t,i,- 

5                          Comprehensive-ly, 

^        ^\       <\/~  Apprehensive-ly 
_V  -^-9  Preponderance 
Properly 
t\/    c\/'?  '•Nrf    Preserve-d 

Christian-ity 
Character 

Characterized 
t—    Characteristic 

Preservative 
fy         <\               liberty 

Decreed,  According 
c—    Occurred        [Cured 

Brother,  Number                                        Degree,  Agree 

COhTRACTIONS  AND   WORD-FORMS.                                     67 

cj.  T^.^.. 

Agriculture-al 
Great  deal 
Great  while 
Grand  jury 
Greater 
Greater  than 

Frequency 
Furnish-ed 
Frequeut-ly 
Furniture 
Over 
Every.  Very 

Verdict 
Converse 
Conversed 

Conversation 
Avert 
Averse 
Everybody 
Everything 
Everywhere 

Authorize 
Authorized 
Authorization 

Authority 
Authoritative 
Either 

Other 
Otherwise 
Either  one 

Other  one 
Either  wax- 
Other  way 

On  either  hand 
On  the  other  hand 
With  regard  to 

With  relation  to 
With  reference  to 
With  respect  to 

As  regards 
Measure 
Measured 

Lawyer 
Learned 
Learned 

Lord 
Railroad 
Error 

Remark.  Mere 
Remarked 
Merchant 

Merchandise 
Mercantile 
Mortgage-d 

o_>           <s_e 
^,  >• 

Near,  Nor 
Manner 
In  relation  to 
In  order  to 
In  regard  to 
In  reference  to 

In  respect  to 
In  respect  of 
In  reply- 
In  writing 
Handwriting 
North  and  South 

Northern 
Northeast 
Northeastern 

Northwesterly 
Northwestern 
Longer 
Without  regard  to 
Without  relation  to 
One  or  two 

Workman 
Workmanship 

Workmanlike 
Younger 
Year  or  two 

IOOK. 

Comply 
Compel,  People 
Apply 
Completion 
Complication 
Application 
Applicable-y-ity 
Compliance 
Appliance 

Plaintiff       [Plenty 
Complaint-ed, 
Applicant 

Belong-ed 

Build-ing,  Built 

Able  to 
Obligation 
Blank 

Balance 
Balanced 
At  length 

At  all,  It  will 
At  all  events 
At  least 

.k    <L     «• 

^\  ^V^\ 

^     ^ 

^     ^ 

i...._i*....t. 

C_Y    *^  —  /     ^~/J\ 

Vo             D            P 

^rn~ 

">            *         cry 

°\     °>        ^ 

i  I...L 

ev  —  f  *~ 

c    <:    c 

LI 

M_v 

^     V    s 

£     C    C 

5.  «_1 

*  « 
..JL..J*. 

~v 

v  \   - 

,  """    . 

5 

V 

^    \    < 

_?  Z...!^. 

g^a 

v-v-^- 

f     1U    K. 

68                                      CONTRACTIONS    AND    WOK  D  KOI!  MS. 

fi          f        j      Deliver-ed-y 

_           Q'         <¥       Extravagant-ce-ly 

Delinquent-cy 
f        />      />     Diligent 

Instructive 

<¥          V         "J       Instruction 

Child 
/F        Challenge-d 
*  —      Angel 

Consider-able-y 
^                    't       Consideration 

Angelic 

c  —              Largely 
/>                 c  —    Equal  Call  Kill 

Inconsiderat  ion 
<y         °                    Unconsidered 

Claim-ed,  Coal 
^—  °    c-0   Clerk,  Cool 

Descriptive 
cr~e      g  -.    Description 

Equalized 

c-€>  c  °~  =>  Equalization 
Collect 

Prescriptive 

o  —  e               Prescription 
.   —  -_°--J-    Secure 

Collective 
0  P  c  3  =-7    Collection 

Security 
d  —    d—  e      Inscribe-d 
rTIL.   Inscription 
Insecurity 

F-HOOK. 

\       \,    \.    o    Poverty       [to  have 

Qualification 

«-                          Guilt-y,  Gild 
*~      """*»•  Neglect    Gold 

Negligence 

Negligent 
V=L-        ....A...  Afflict 
Affliction 
Q^       (^      ^x-    Pbilantbropy-ic 

Perform-ed,  Hope 
Performance 
Kt          1         Develope-d 

Rely,  Real-ly 
.x               ^xf   Rail,  Roll 

£x               /     fr^>      Rulo 

Difflcult-y 
.         /                   Advice,  Advise-d 

Real  estate 

CIRCLE  AND   HOOK  COM- 
BINATIONS. 

_       i   °\^      X5     Superficial-ly 

Govern-ed 
=>             Government 

Referred 
N-HOOK. 

\         .          ^        Pennsylvania 
5""'           Panlan-ed-menf 
Combine 

^          V        .           Combined 
-\—   Combination 

Bank 

.           v         »         Banker 
\  v.  —  V-    Bankable 

Surprise 

<\        a      <v         Express 
..to.  \j---i  —  Suppress 
Superintend-ent 
"\         -          ^     Expression 

Experience 
«         ci           ia 
t>        6          t>     Experienced 

Inexperienced 
<?           »        <$       Explain 

*           \                Bankrupt 

v                              Bankruptcv 
\---d  ->--    At  once 
)                             But  once 
Ji          1         J        Contention 

Explanation 
q                     q       Exteraal-ly,  Strength 

-1  -t  \-  Extra 
^       Stranger 

I)enoininate-d              •. 

CONTRACTIONS   AND  WORD  FORMS.                                     69 

iL  A.  Z  8 

enomination 
>udensation 
eligion 

eneral-ly 
iiagine-ary.  June 

viirralize 

eueralized 
eneralixation 

eneration 

entlemen 
entleman 
nagined 

onnect-ed 
onnection 
ontinue-d 
ontinual-ly 
ontinuous 
outinuously 
ontiuuation 
onstitute-d 
oust  itut  ion 

unstable 
(•(•omit 
ccountable-y 

egin.  Organ 
egun.  Again 
egan 
eginner 

rganize 
rganized 

rganic        [grapby 
orgotten,  Phono- 
inancial-ly 

S'ithin 
V'ith  interest 
leference 
[en 
Ian 
[unan 

leantime 
Stamen 

N'oinan 

[ental-ly 

laintaiu 
laintained 

laiutenance 
my  one 
Co  one 

>'one 
.engthen 
'uilorm-ed-ity 

^s    o^     L'uiverse-al-itv 
-S-  Behind 
A^                   Behindhand 

LARGE  HOOKS. 
C          p       c  —     Bewilder-ed 

B 

y......y....y.  j; 

</        of       <t  \\ 

6 

,/                         <J 

Qn&rter-ed 

f          C  _<j  C^=.     yuestion-ed 

*   n 

-^  c 

Ac<niiesced 
C_p       C-,              Acquisition 

.  (^ 

Acquaint-ance 
^      i          ,        Railway 

CiT-            VJ>           \3        Fa  Til  i  1  i  a  r   1  \-    i  t  v 

( 
( 

Familiariice-d 
f        —  3     Family 

( 
c 

Commission-ed 

—  5^"            ^^^    Commissioner 
-^m-.<r^a   Memorandum 
Memoranda 
'O     O?     vZ?      Minimum 

—  -a                               H 
__.TT=>  F 

~"  I 
—  =       —  o     -o   1J 

!_>             ...  o 

Nomination 
TION-HOOK. 

\       \                 Occupation 
1  \  .  .  .  Compassion 
Passion 
\)      \                  Opposition 

c 

—  •>—   i                C 

Vj-.UW-  I- 

c     L..^J 

F 

-^~2t         --  A 

*^     Possession 
i          i           />     Attention 

^    I 
^  —  >^  —  ^  *>  —  ^              ^ 
^T2>      \ 

Situation 
/         /                Objection 
?.  at..    —  &     Justification 

^ 
^ 

S^$  -  -  S~%^_^  sZ^s-  .     } 

B 

A 

AoceaaloD 

(          ^      Accusation 

Conviction 

e.                       Recollection 
^?~  —  ^l«--_^  Resolution 
Examination 

v^>     v_fi     ^Q    Institution 
Information 

J 
\ 

X  '              "^^               /"" 

'   tl 

Incision 

Eufctno  witb  1R. 


The  figures  girc  the  positions  of  tlie  words.     Tlie  sounds  indicated  by 
small  capitals  sliould  be  inserted. 


HOOK  R. 
1.    Appear,  proper,  pry. 


DOWNWARD  R. 


CoM-peer,  pier,  pyre. 
Upper,  pray,~prey,pro.    Coin-pare,  pour,  payer. 


3.  Practice,  prow. 

1.  Liberty. 

'2.  Remember. 

3.  Brother,  number,  brE\v. 

1.  Internal,  tree.  Eater. 

2.  Truth,  tray,  utter. 

3.  True,  outer,  coNtrsi. 


UPWARD   R. 
Opera,  pariAH,  j)eri. 
Apiary. 
Pure,  parry. 


Happier,  poor,  power. 

Beer,  bier,  buyer,      [.er.  Borrow. 

Bear,  bore,  burr,  O!>KY-  Bury, burrow, borough. 

Bar,  boor,  bower.  Barrow, bureau, bowery 

Tier,  tear,  at-tirc.  Tyro,  tiara. 

Tare,  tear,  tore.  Terra,  tory. 

Tar,  cox-tour,  tower.  Tarry. 

1.    Dear,  dry,  draw,  Eider.    Deer,  COMmodore,  dire.  Diarrhoea,  diary. 

Doctor,  dray,  odor.         Dare,  doer,  dooi-,  adore.  Dairy,  dory. 


Dower. 


;i.  During,  dark,  drew. 

1.  Watcher,  cheer. 

2.  Etcher,  chair. 

3.  Char. 

1.  Conjure. 

2.  Adjourn-ed. 

3.  Jury,  larger,  junior 

1.  Decree,  CTAW,  cry. 

2.  Care,  occur,  concur 

3.  Car,curc,crew,accrue.    Cower. 

1.  Agree,  degree,  augur.    Gear,  giver. 

2.  Gray,  grow,  ogre. 

3.  Grew. 

1.  Offer,  free,  fry. 

2.  Fray,  fro,  confer. 

3.  Affray. 

1.  Over,  of  her. 

Every,  very.  Hover. 
Aver. 

1.  Wisher. 

2.  Usher. 

3.  Sure,  shrew. 
1.  Lawyer. 


Chore. 

Jeer,  objector. 

Ajar. 

Jar,  adjure. 

Core,  corps,  cohKir. 


Gore,  goer. 
Fear,  A-flre. 


Dowry. 
Cheery. 
Chary,  cherry. 


Curry. 
Carry. 
Augury. 
Gory. 

Fiery,     [furrow,  furry. 


A f -fair,  A-fore,  fur,  fir.    Fairy, faro, foray, ferry, 


3. 


3. 

1.  +Or  were. 

2.  -rltailroad,  there  were. 

1.  IIFrom  her. 

2.  lError,  where  were. 
1.    Mere. 


Fewer,  A-far. 
Veer. 
Conveyor. 
Viewer,  avower. 
Sheer,  shear,  shire. 
Share,  A-shore,  showei 
Shower,  assure. 
Liar,  lier,  lyre,  leer. 
Lair,  layer,  lower,  lore.    *Allayer. 
Lure,  lower  (to  threaten)  *Allure. 
Orrery. 


Farrow,  fury. 

Ivory. 

Vary,  Aviary,  ovary. 

Avowry. 

Sherry. 
Showery,  ashery. 


TArrear,  from  our. 
T  Where  our. 
Mire. 


2.  More,fnmer,  iiummcr.    Mayor,  mare,  myrrh. 

3.  Mar,  humor.  Moor,  amour. 

1.    Near,  nor,  honor,  in-    Nigher,  aimover. 


2.  Manner. 

3.  Owner. 

1 .  We  were. 

2.  Work. 
3. 

2 

1. 

2.  When  were. 

3.  How  were. 


[ner.    Ne'er. 

Newer,  inure. 

Wire,  weir. 

Wore,  wear,  a-ware. 

Wooer. 

War  (with  semi-circle.) 
•HHire,  higher. 
•H-Hair-v,  hour. 
ttHewer. 


£  Aurora. 
**Ilear. 
**Koar,  rower,  rare. 

Miry,  morrow. 

Mower,  Emery,  merry. 

Marry,  marrow. 


Narrow. 
Wiry,  we  are. 
Worry,  wary. 


•HHero, 

•H-Iloary,  hurry. 
•HHarrow. 


*El-Ar.          -r Written  with  Ray. 
t  Ar-Ar.        **  Kay-Kay.        -H- !  I -tick. 


ifAr-Uay. 


Written  with  Ar. 


Morfcs  JEnDtiuj  vvitb  X. 

The  figures  gire  tlie  positions  of  the  words.     Tlie  sounds  indicated  l>y 
small  capitals  slutuld  be  inserted. 


HOOK  L. 
Comply,  ply,  pica. 
People,  comix?!,  play. 
Apply,  apple,  plow. 
Belong-od.  by  all. 
Belief- ve-d,  abio-y. 
Blue,  blew,  about  "all. 
Tall,  what  will. 
Till,  tell,  it  will,  at  all. 
Tool,  to  all,  but  will. 
Idol,  idle,  idyll,  did  all. 
Deliver-ed-y,  do  all. 
Addle,  had  all. 
Each  will,  watch  all. 
Children,  which  will. 
Much  will,  charge  all. 

Angel. 

Largely,  agile. 

E<iual-ed,call,kill,cloY 

Claim-ed.coal.c-hiy-ey. 

Clerk,  cool,  clue. 

Eagle,  glee. 

Ugly,  Ogle. 

Glue. 

Fill,flEE,flaw,awf»il-ly 

Fell,  HAY,  flow. 

Full-y,  tine,  flew. 

Evil,  of  all. 

Oval. 

Value. 

Little. 

Lull. 

*Rely,  real-ly,  or  all. 
*Rail,oral-ly.there  will. 
*Uule,  are  all. 
•t-From  all. 
tEarl. 


May  all. 

Mai. 

In  all. 

Only,  null,  know  all. 

Knew  all. 

Wall,  awhile. 

Wool-ly. 

When  will. 
How  will. 


DOWNWARD  L. 

Pall.ap-peal,  pile,  pill. 
Palo,  pail,  pole,  poll. 
Pull,  pool. 

Hall,  bill,  boil,  bile. 

IJale,  bail,    bell,    bowl. 

Bull,  buhl. 

Teal,  tile,  toil. 

Tale,  tail,  toll. 

Towel. 

Deal,  doll,  dial,  i<U-al. 

Dale,  dole.CONdole,  dell. 

Dual, duel, dowel,  [dull. 

Chill. 


Congeal,  gill. 
Jail. 

Jewel,  jowl. 
Commonly,  keel,  chyle. 
Kail.  caul,  coil. 

Gall,  gill,  guile. 
Gale,  goal,  gull. 
Ghoul. 

Feel,  fall,  file,  foil. 
Fail,  foal. 
Fool,  fuel,  fowl. 
Veal,  vile,  viol,  vial. 
Avail,  veil,  vale. 
Vowel,  avowal. 


*Reel,  rill,  royal. 
*Rowel. 

Timely. 


Kneel,  Anneal,  nil. 

Nail,  knell. knoll.  Annul. 

Aimual-ly. 
II  Weal. 
II Wail,  well  (of  water.) 

'Heal,  haul,  hall,  hill-y. 
'Hail,  hale,  hell,  hull. 
'  Howl. 


UPWARD   L. 
Pillow. 
Haply. 

Happily,  pulley. 
Belie,  bailee,  by-law. 
Below,  l>ellow,  l>elay. 
Bully. 

At  law. 

Tallow,  tally,  outlaw. 

Differently,  ideally, Oddly. 

Daily,  dahlia,  delay. 

Dally,  duly. 

Chillv. 


Jolly. 
Jelly. 
July. 

Common     law,     collie, 
Lkey-Hole. 
Coolie,  callow. 

Gala,  gaily,  gully. 

Galley. 

Filly,  folly. 

Folio,  fellow,  follow. 

Fallow. 

Villa,  volley. 

Heavily. 

Valley,  uvula. 

LEal,  loyal,  lily,  loll. 
Lowly,  ill-will. 

*  Royally. 

*  Relay. 
'Rally. 

iAerial,  aurelia. 

*  Early,    airily,    airnolc, 
tHourly.  [oriel. 

Meal-y,  mall,  mill,  mile. 

Mail,     melee,     mellow, 

Mallow,  mule.       [mole. 

Nolle. 

Inlay,  nulla. 

Newly. 

Wile-y,  willow. 

Waylay. 

Wallow. 

Holly. 

Hollow,  holloa,  halo. 

Hallow,  halloo. 


*  Written  with  Ray.        +  Written  with  Ar.        JAr-Lay.        i :  Written  with 
semi-circle.       '  Written  with  H-tick  and  Lay. 


PHRASING. 


If  the  student  has  become  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  principles 
of  Phonetic  Shorthand  heretofore  stated,  and  is  able  to  make  prac- 
tical application  of  the  rules  governing  them,  he  is  now  prepared  to 
enter  upon  the  subject  of  Phrasing.  If,  however,  he  has  acquired  a 
careless  habit  of  writing — if  he  have  difficulty  in  reading  his  own 
notes,  either  because  he  does  not  give  sufficient  attention  to  shading, 
or  does  not  make  the  necessary  distinction  in  the  sizes  of  the  hooks  or 
in  the  lengths  or  directions  of  the  stems,  or  does  not  write  the  outlines 
in  their  proper  positions — he  should  review  the  principles  and  over- 
come these  defects  before  proceeding  further.  The  time  thus  spent 
will  be  amply  repaid  in  the  improvement  in  his  writing. 

To  one  properly  prepared  for  its  study  and  practice,  Phrasing  will 
be  found  to  be  one  of  the  most  useful  expedients  for  brief  and  rapid 
writing.  It  should  be  understood,  however,  that  it  cannot  be  used 
successfully  by  merely  learning  the  rules.  Far  more  is  necessary. 
Phrasing  needs  special  practice,  as  much  as  does  any  other  principle 
of  Shorthand.  Each  illustration  of  the  rules  should  therefore  be 
written  many  times,  and  in  all  his  practice  the  student  should  care- 
fully watch  for  and  study  every  opportunity  for  useful  phrasing  that 
may  be  afforded  by  the  matter  he  is  writing.  The  ordinary  practice 
of  writing  miscellaneous  matter  from  dictation  will  by  no  means  take 
the  place  of  this.  A  ready  writer  is  one  who  is  familiar  with  the  use 
of  every  expedient ;  and  one  cannot  gain  such  familiarity  with  any 
rule,  by  an  occasional  use  of  it.  This  advice  cannot  be  too  strongly 
impressed  upon  the  mind  of  one  who  wishes  to  become  a  master  of 
this  art.  His  ability  to  do  good  work,  and  his  prospects  for  getting 
good  pay  for  his  work,  depend  upon  his  becoming  both  accurate  and 
rapid,  and  he  cannot  possibly  attain  the  desired  end  unless  he  conform 
his  practice  to  the  advice  here  given. 


Op.vritrht,  18.su,  by  WILLIAM  \v.  <>s<,. .,  ,1,1;-, 


PHRASING.  73 


By  the  use  of  Phrasing,  such  words  as  have  a  natural  relation  to 
each  other  as  members  of  the  same  clause  or  phrase,  if  they  can  be 
joined  without  destroying  the  distinctness  of  the  characters,  may 
be  written  before  raising  the  pen.  Besides  this,  which  may  be  called 
Simple  Phrasing,  there  is  a  second  method,  known  as  Group  Phras- 
ing, which  affords  much  greater  facility  for  the  combine  ion  of  words. 
This  is  the  use  of  hooks,  circles,  loops,  etc.,  on  word  signs,  assigning 
to  each  of  them  the  power  of  representing  such  words  as  experience 
has  shown  to  be  most  useful  for  the  purpose.  As  to  either  method, 
the  following  suggestions  should  be  carefully  noted  by  the  student : 

1.  When  a  phrase  begins  with  the  tick  word-sign  for  a,  an,  and,  I, 
lie,  or  the,  the  second  word  of  the  phrase  is  written  in  position,  and 
not  the  tick.     When  a  phrase  begins  with   the  tick  for   all,  awe, 
already,  or  on,  or  with  the  circle  for  is  or  his,  or  with  a  first-position 
horizontal  word  sign  or  half-length  word,  such  tick,  circle,  horizontal 
stem  or  half  length  may  be  slightly  raised  or  lowered  in  joining  it  to 
another  word  beginning  above  the  line  of  writing. 

2.  In  all  other  cases,  the  first  word  of  a  phrase  should  be  written 
iu  the  position  it  would  occupy  if  standing  alone. 

3.  If  the  stenographic  characters  of  a  phrase  be  such  as  cannot  be 
readily  and  easily  joined,  or  if  for  any  reason  they  would  not  be 
distinct  if  joined,  the  combination  should  not  be  made. 

4  Two  large  hooks  should  never  be  written  on  the  same  side  of  a 
straight  stem,  in  phrasing. 

5.  Two  distinct  phrases  should  not  be  joined. 

6.  Where  the  sound  of  S  begins  or  ends  a  word,  in  such  phrases 
as  knows  him,  my  son,  the  circle  should  be  written  inside  the  curved 
stem  with  which  it  is  pronounced,  as  the  rule  given  at  §  8,  a.  for 
placing  circles  between  curves,  applies  to  single  words  only,  and  not 
to  such  phrases. 

7.  In  unusual  phrases,  like  come  what  will,  the  words  should  not  be 
joined. 

In  a  very  few  instances,  it  may  be  found  that  a  word-sign  cannot 
readily  be  distinguished  if  written  out  of  position  in  phrasing.  No 
general  rule  can  be  given  to  govern  such  cases,  but  the  student  will 
soon  learn  to  avoid  such  combinations  in  his  practice. 


74  SIMPLE    PHRASES. 


pbraSCS.—  1.     The  simplest  phrase-sign  is  one  made   by 
the  joining  of  two  or  more  words  without  changing  the  form  of  either: 
)      Was  that;    I     it  was;    I      do  so;     l_^      itmayl>e;     \      at  that; 
..X--     upon  that  subject;      /     which  was;  ---  T--  gave  them;    L.      it 
can  be;    Lv^p/  it  is  not  necessary  ;     l/\     which  are  done  ;    £       circum- 
stantial evidence;  ..„-....    hand  in  hand;    /^\  —  -  will  be  certain;   L*    it 

has  not  been;    .a7!r^?.     is  not  inclined;  ,_i     ______    have  no  knowledge; 

^~^~^          there  is  no  necessity  ;  --L--       that  which  may  be. 

2.  Words  belonging  to  the  same  phrase  may  be  joined,  even  where, 
for  the  sake  of  a  better  junction,  one  of  the  words  is  necessarily  written 
with  an  outline  different  from  its  usual  form  :  ^  In  thi*  statement  ; 
7U-.  nighttime;  T  not  less;  Lo-  first  rate;  (<-a-t  for  example; 

\~2  somvchas;  ^^  greater  or  Uss  ;  .tTTT.  in  writing  ;  -^-^^  hand 
writing;  .~\_..  hereinafter;  _."^_  hereinbefore;  \^  present  time; 
cy,  ^  words  of  my  text  ;  .^f..  in  his  letter;  fr^rf--  in  earnest; 

b         it  is  said;      <L        at  any  rate  ;  (U   at  ittt  events  ;    ^^     in  reply. 

3.  A  woi-d  or  letter  may  be  omitted,  if  necessary,  if  it  be  such  that 
the  context  will   readily  and   certainly  suggest  it:        4        I  call  your 


attention.;  x-<'"t  —     most  likely;    ^-f)     must  also;       I—  Q.          it  must  be; 
look  like;    /7S..   mean  to  be;     /^      refresh  your  recollection; 


" 


sx  or 


1  so  as  to  be;     <O      yes  or  no ;    . _ . _"_ .  Jive  or  siec ; 

seven;    ^f      seven  or  eight ;      ^> —         seven  o'clock;  .-<?*•---  great  deal; 

-^, couldrttteU;    fTTTTT?  according  to  my  recollection ;  .^o--  act  of 

congress;    J     justice  of  the  peace ;    3     eternal  life;  ^~?      for  instance; 
^t      in  regard  to  that ;     *~ — "X.    in  order  to  haiv ;    —^*--     human  life; 

~^       once  or  twice; from  time  to  time;    ^-~g-^     most  of  the  time; 

<r-~— ^          some  of  the  time ;     k~a — ,       it  seems  to  me ;     _~^^\. 
remember ;    ^^-^^    it  must  not  be  said.       &  Yes,  sir. 


4.  Words  forming  a  portion  of  a  complete  phrase  may  be  joined, 
and  the  remainder  written  separately,  if  necessary  on  account  of  especial 
difficulty  of  junction  :  ^~i>-\  S>  D  mu«t  not  be  supposed;  .Sj  ____  ...  if 
that  could  be;  ..  s?_  -^^  .  tliere  may  be  ;  S  .  .  .  j.  .  _  if  they  should  come  ; 
o  ^  has  been  chosen;  .  /___  I—  x.  who  was  at  home  ;  -^/^  ^  may. 
require  a<ljufitment  ;  /  .A.,  that  rule  was  xuspeiuled. 


GROUPED  PHRASES.  75 


.  —  By  the  use  of  the  various  regular  modifications 
of  or  attachments  to  stems,  words  are  prefixed  or  added,  as  follows: 

1.  OR,  WERE,  and  HER,  are  added  by  the  R-hook:  p-  Two  or 
three;  <r-v.  when  or  where  ;  ^)  he  or  she.  J  What  were  they  ; 
c^  whenivere;  C  they  were;  <^  '  there  were  no;  ^..  we  were; 
_£..  that  were  ;  ../?..  you  were;  ^)  where  were  they;  C"Vy-  "*  "'"''• 
away;  ../I.  you  were  told;  ]__  which  were  together  ;  .„..  or  were. 
^TJ».  By  her  means;  (.  at  her  house  ;  .  Sy_.  with  her  knowledge  ; 
.A.....  upon  her  testimony;  Z,  change  her  mind  ;  ."^TTTT3  inker 
opinion;  ^-^  for  her  benefit. 


:2.     ALL,  WILL,  and  WELL,  are  added  by  the  L-hook:     n 
all  occasions;  ^*.   by  all  mean*;   .v.-   <tl>out  all  that  ;     t-^     at  all  tim,  x  ; 
-C^--    to  all  men;    ^    fur  all  flat  ;     .Q-.-     ul<»',-  al7  tfiingx;    .Sr~  of  all; 
<~£-  —  o          in  all  tack  matter*;  ^  —  •*  f<n-  all  i»<-n.     )   .    What  witt  they; 

f         which  will  be;         f  it  will  be;   o^V-y       there  will  have  been  ; 

C  they  will;    ..r\..   as  will  ;    °^      where  will;      \^r..     iceioillgo; 

<z~^      W'hen  will  yon.  .g..    As  well  a%  not. 

Z.  AJV,  AND,  NOT,  OWN,  and  77A1A",  are  added  by  the 
N-hook:  .J1^.  6);o«  an  occasion;  v  _  put  an  end;  .^TJE  Ay  «« 
accident;  .\  aliotit  an  hour  ;  \^-  half  an  hour  ;  .^-^  hurt  nn 
opinion.  .Vf_.  Off  and  on;  s-^  when  and  where.  J"  It  witt  not  be; 
1  it  cannot  l>c:  -  _...  cannot  come;  ^  they  are  not;  L-^  it  n,a>/ 
nut  be  ;  J  tJiull  not  ;  ---J--  should  not;  .Si  if  not;  L  di<l  not 
know;  ~_  thought  not;  ^f.  think  not,'  -X.--  /uwe  they  not;  .\±-_y-  hncc 
not  known.  /•>  It  is  your  own;  1  it  in  our  own.  ^^£-^>  No 
morefhaji;  .^rf.  longer  than  ;  -^--j-  xooner  than. 

4.  ^4  FA1,  C»/;  EVER,  and  Z/TA",  ai-  added  by  the  F  hook  : 
L  //  «;;'#  have  been  ,  •-\>-=>-  to  have  known,  ^.  i/;Ai'cA  have  not 
been,  ^  there  have;  ^  ever  have  ;  (f  they  have  wi  ^^.  you 
have  not  known;  ^  we  have;  c)  shatt  have;  ^=,  man/  ha/ve  ; 
_<^,..  you  ha>:e  nern  ;  ^  will  have.  .^  Part  of;  f^-7  difference 
of  opinion;  L  change  of  base  ;  ..»..  each  <>f  them]  .1  out  of  that, 


76 ••  GROUPED   PHRASES 


.:r^_  form  of ;    _y..    thought  of ';    "5      werf  of.      J^!      Did  ever  know; 
•-U- -   had  ever  been;    .JV..    ought  to  have  b<-tn ;     (^      forever'      V, 
/or  ewer  an<tf  ewer ,'    ~"ji     wherever  it  was ;  .  .^ .   /<«  we  ever. 

a.  HA  VING,  may  be  added  by  the  F-hook  and  Ing-dot ;  and  in 
some  cases  by  the  hook  alone:  ....  Upon  having ;  .  x  about  having; 
.^-j.-  after  having;  ^_  of  having ;  ^.  n>  having;  ^  with  having. 

5.  TT.fi;  WOULD,  WHAT,  WHETHER,  WA  Y,  and  A  WA  Y, 

are  added  by  the  W-hook:  ..r... .     Can  we  not ;       ^        before  we  went; 

/—,  which  we  may  have ;  ,  .LL  what  toe  mtiy  ;  \-^~>  what  we  have 
known;  _\r—>..  whit t  we  cannot ;  ..p..  but  wt  imty  ~  _^_  did  we 
not  have.  F  It  would  not  be ;  C  fcvxnild  hnve  heen}  ^  irhidi 
would  not  have ;  c/\  there  would  not  be ;  C^-  it  would  be  (is  well. 

^—e  Upon  what  occasion  ;  .o_^  about  what  time ,  ^r?_f>y  what  means; 
_^_^_  about  what  amount ;  (X  at  what  time ,'  ..p.  but  whether  they  ; 

c^\  of  whether  it  was.     ..e_.      Partway;        /n        which  way, 

o        put  away;     c come  away,     c  _     go  away. 

a.  The  same  words  may  be  indicated  by  the  W-semi-circle,  where 
they  cannot  be  as  conveniently  written  with  the  W-hook :     .;>...    If  we ; 

^        for  we;  ..L__    after  we;  -\--    have  we;     ^      though  we.     ^) 
We  think  so ;    --^--       have  we  done;  --^--      have  we  been;      )        Hindi 
we  be;      )         so\aewent;    --)---     as  roe  might;    ..-).--     should  we  not; 

cannot  we;  _  \  __  we  thought  that ;    *_^     we  know ;     J     we  shall ; 

...^..-  we  should  be;  ..^S^-  if  we  be;  ..\..  we  thought  so;  (  <7t<?y 
wmdd  be;  ^  ^e<  away. 

b.  WERE  may  sometimes  be  added  by  the  W-semi-circle:    ._i_  If 
we  were;  -./-.     those  that  were;  ..Vt-  //'  sAe  tcere  Aere 

6.  F6>^7,    YOUR,    YOU  ARE,  and    F^l.ff,  are  added  by  the 
Y-hook:    c\_x    Before  you  know ;     l^-'    did,  you  ever  know ;  _3..    6?«^ 
you  not  have;      1 ,         which,  you  can  do ;    .-Q^--     have  you  not  heard ; 
_c\._  would  you  not  say ;     1^   so  yow  w^y/  -^->  should  you  not  think; 

\L        at  which  you  may ;     Q,       for  you  have;     (j\     will  you  not  be ; 


GROUPED   PHHASES  77 


S)  ...  were  you  not.  .;V.  Ujjon  your  own;  _rx  about  your  having  ; 
'L  at  your  work;  ..Vrrf.  by  your  men  account  ;  ^^  .  .  of  your  own  ; 
ft  for  your  benefit  ;  2,  change  your  mind.  ..A...  That  you  are; 


..1.5:      wforf  yo?/  «/¥  saying;        2-^-^_,   which  you  are  making.     __.(__ 


a.     The  same  words  may  be  indicated   by  the  Y-semi-circle,  where 
they  cannot  be  as  conveniently  written  with  the  Y-hook:    .......      FOM 

cannot  be  ;     ^S_      you  will  be  sure  ;    C  _      do  what  you  can  ;      *\__ 
where  will  you  go  ;  .".Xy.  w/*y  wm  yow  away  ;    £     which  will  you  ;     k.. 
what  would  you  say.      /-»  ----       Lend  your  money  ;  _.<^»--    affect  your 

interest*.     ""-,     /n  ?Atf/    «m 


7.     THERE,   THEIR,  and  THEY  ARE,  are  added  by  the  Ter- 

hook :    — .j    Cametliere;     D      go  there;      -\       about  there;  .--...... 

«7 «  ^e/¥  fc,1  _.^>-^..      «/'e  <A^-e  many;     .    \__     ^>?<<  <fore.      p_ ... 
Upon  their;     J     do  their ;     \       paid  their ;  ~~?~?,_   give  their  names ; 

V  V  T 

..^..     %  iWr  8td0,'       j        before  their  face;      J        a<   B&MP  house; 
^-^_2          7«afe  <Af//'  ?<v/y;    ..5w-.-    aio«f  which  they  are. 

a.  OTHER    may    occasionally   be    added    in   the   same   manner : 
.X. .     Each  other;  ..erx?...  some  time  or  other. 

b.  The  same  words  may  be  added  to  a  curved  stem  by  lengthening 
the  stem;  but  OTHER  cannot  be  added  to  the  word-signs  for  any  and 

/w>  in  this  manner.     (See  subd.  d,  below.)       L_D       If  there  is;     . a 

when  there  is;       )        wax  there;        J      shall  there ;   ...i...    should  there; 

/^     will  there ;     ^ — s       may  there ;     \^_^        for  Uteir  sake ;    ^- — f 
when  they  are  told;       V /|       if  they  are  ready.      0 Some  other. 


c.     THERE  and    THEIR  may   be  added   by  a  heavy  tick,  after 
a   stem    bearing  a   final    hook    or  circle,  or  after  a  half-length    curve: 

^   .    Combine  their  ;      )S       been  there  ;     ._i_.     down  there;   -^+-     can- 

/j  < 

•not  there;  .7!?.  gone  there;  ~~?..  Gives  their  ;  .^.  puts  there;  .^~f.- 
influence  their.  ^  Affect  their  ;  .  .*f  .  fought  their  ;  ;.  .  avoid 
their;  ^  note  their;  .^\.  wished  there  might  be. 


78  GROUPED   PHRASES 


d.  OTHER  may  be  added  by  a  heavy  tick  to  a  half-length  curve,  <>i 
to  the  word-signs  for  any.&ud  no:  _^7^  Any  other;  ^,  no  other. 
This  distinguishes  these  phrases  from  ,^~7^..  neither;  . „  another. 

8.     MAY,    HIM,    TIME,   MAKE,    and    MY,   are   added   by    the 
M-hook :     l/v          It   may   he   naid ;      /       wh-iah   nut  if   tie   told ;         Cy 
they  may  be;      .^        we  may  be;         k-\     they  ni"y uot  ?#•    .     .    B',1 
him ,       \j        before  him ;       \±3     do   you   know  him  ;  commit 

him;     3       gave  him;  ..___3...    accompany  him;  -  Qj.--,     kave  yov  teen 

him;  \  paid  him;  --^  ->  make  him.  .At..  What  time  of  d<i>/ ; 
<J-^  at  some  time ;  I  at  that  time ;  <s^i__  some  time  ago , 
1_x»  do  you  know  about  him.  _.y^.  Did  yon  make  known.  ...V. 
Upon  my ;  b.  chanye  my  position  ;  L\  for  nuj  jx/rt ;  .^-?... 
in  my  room ;  ...i>>. .  have  my  right*;  ^~^_  in  my  time;  LA  at 
my  house;  V^C.  before  my  arrival ;  ^->  of  my  ;  _C. .  with  my; 
/^5  w/t^/i  w/y,'  .Jtij  from  my  potsxewion ;  ..^^.  Iteyond  my 
observation. 

a.  If  for  any  reason  HIM  cannot  be  conveniently  indicated  by   the 
M-hook,  it  should  be  written  with  Hay ;   but  where  the  preceding  stem 
bears  a  final   hook,  it  may  sometimes  be  indicated   by  a  final  tick  struck 
at  an  acute  angle  :    _^v.     Bid  him;    .^..     taught  him;    -  ^^-     doubt 
him ;   _  _^~_  _    cheat  him  ;     /->•— «*      lend  h  im  ;     (^~^.     find  him  ; 

Mean  him  ;  --^.   around  him  ;     ^      attend  him;      J       dun  him. 
/*> 

b.  HIMSELF  may  be  indicated   by  the  M-hook  and  small  circle : 
._...     By  himself ';    (3     for  him *elf :    .*»_   with  liimwlf. 

!>.  THAN,  BEEX,&u&  OWX,  may  be  indicated  by  a  small  hook 
within  a  large  final  hook:  ^  Better  than:  .»...  tighter  tlian ; 
&  straighter  than ;  ..^3..  rather  than.  W>  It  may  hsive  been; 
/o  which  may  have  been;  fc  they  have  been;  .  )._  should  have 
been;  ^y__  weluivebeen;  _r^._  would  fuive  been  ;  .  .^ . .  you  have  been; 
...^,...  after  having  been,.  _,™  Upon  their  own  ;  .^9.  by  my  own; 

c)          at  their  own  ;    .   i    .     had  my  own ;     (&    for  my  own  ;     ...y. 
with  my  own. 

10.      18,  HIS,  AS,  HAS,  US,  and   SA  Y,  are  added   by  the  S-circle  : 

^  .    What  is;      L      it  i*;      >)      «»i><;      a     fhrre  i«  not :    '"*   h<- i* , 


GROUPED  PHRASES  79 


-^~^    there  is  nothing ;    ^f     there  is  much ;     ^-^     when  is;    __?._  why 
is;.^..  that  isnot ;  ,-L-     that  isyours.     ...    Upon  his ;    No    before  hie; 
."T^o.     in  his  business.      <X      Was  as  good;      I       quite  a*  much  ;       ^ 
Ithasbee-n;     <^     which  has  been  ;  ^T^\-    he  has  gone  away,     ^o    For 

us;  _x  by  us;  --^-  to  us;    o    against  us.      ^     Do  you  say  you  know; 

f__    what  we  say;  ..)..-  what  "witt  they  say ;  -&a..    should  you  say;  --^\-- 
why  do  you  say ;     4      they  say  it  was ;  --^--    what  do  you  say  about  that. 

a.  The  same  words  may  be  added  to  words  ending  with  a  small  circle, 
by  enlarging  the  circle:     _5*?.     What  is  his  name ;      lo     it  is  as  much; 

£     tells  us;    -^...  enlarges  his;    _?.    his  is,  is  his;  o    as  is.      [3  It 
is  hi-fi ;     ~c)      where  is  his ;  .  .o. . .  as  has  been  ;    Q_P     as  soon  as, 

b.  IS,  HIS,  AS,  and  HAS,  may  be  prefixed  by  the  S-circle :  __£__  Is 
that;  ..*?,.  its  your;      fc      is  not  this;    ^.  his  own;    ,a      a*  they  say; 
.a...  aswasmwk;  <u>    as  good  as;    ^o   as  great  as;  ..o..  as  far  as;    £*> 
as  well  as ;  ..p..    has  done;  ..Q^.-  has  not  been. 

c.  AS  HIS  IS,  and  similar  combinations,  may  be  indicated  by  the 
Ses-circle  followed  by  the  small  circle :       {&       for  as  his  is. 

11.  IS  IT,  IS  THE,  IS-  TO,  AS  IT,  AS  THE,  AS  TO,  HAS 
IT,  HAS  THE,  HAS  TO,  FIRST,  and  the  verb  STATE,  are  indi- 
cated by  the  SUoop  :    _L   What  is  it-the;    ~*t>      Where  is  it-the ;   ^..  why 
is  it-the ;    ,-rs     when  is  it-the.     (\     It  is  to  be;...L that  is  to  come  ;  _n. 

as  to  that.   ----    How  has  it.     I)     At  fi-^t;    ^>,     when   first.  --^..  You 

0  * 

stated;  _[  _    state  what;    _CiW__  state  where  you  went;  --fa   -  you  have 

dated;    (T   will  you  state;    0      do  not  state;    1      it  has  been  stated; 
.  .^ .      /  have  staff/. 

a.     IT,  and    THE,    may    be    added    to    words    ending    with    the 
iS-circle,  by  changing  the  circle  to  a  small  loop:     b      Takes  it-the;        \> 

does  it-the ;    ^  ^     makes  it-the  ; . ./.  -  choose  it-the ;    ~b    erase  it-the; 

because  it-the;    J^T.    give*  it-tin-;     <^     shows  it-the;  ---{-- -thai  is  it-the. 

1 2.  7.V  THERE  is  added  by  the  Str-loop :    .  L    What  is  there ;      6 
which  is  there  ;  --\f-^r^.     but  is  there  anything ;  __^._  that  is  there;     0     stj 
is  there, \  ~to     where  is  there ;    _^__  or  is  there ;    3-  why  is  there ;      ^^ 
when  is  there. 


80  GROUPED   PHRASES 


a.  THEIR  or  THERE  may  be  added  to  words  ending  with  the 
S-circle,  by  changing  the  circle  to  a  large  loop  :  b  Takes  their  ;  () 
does  their ;  $  changes  the-ir ;  ^~?=?,  mix  their;  ^~>  goes  their ;  ^ 
shows  their ;  -^_-<^o  enclose  their ;  ~&  weighs  their. 

13.  BEEN,   ONE,  OWN,  and   THAN,  are  added  by  a  final  back- 
hook,  after  either  circle  or  loop  :     V^>  Ever  has  been  ; ../ .  -  that  has  been : 
^5. .   lie  has  been ;    £>     this  has  been.       /      Which  is  the  one ;     V    lest 
one;    'o     it  is  the  one',-.  L-  that  is  the  one.    _/?.  Upon  his  own;    A>  at  his 
own ;     (^    for  his  own ;    u    it  is  tlieir  own  ;  ..fa  -  that  is  their  won. 

^      Less  tluin  ;     %    not  less  than. 

14.  IN,  and  IN  THE,  are  prefixed  to  a  word  or  phrase  beginning 
with  a  circle,  by  the  initial  back-hook,  where  En  cannot  be  as  conven- 
iently used  for  that  purpose  :  .-CSa_a-_  In  his  presence;  ......  in  his  time; 

in  the  same  room ;    .c^_.     in  the  spring;    ..1!.   in  tlie  street ; 
in  the  same  place. 

15.  IT,  THE,  and  TO,  are  added  by  halving  any  simple  or  hooked 
stem:    _\_  Upon  it-the ;   \ — .     before  it  can  be ;     L      take  it  away;  ..^. 
what  it  wovld  be  ;    l^    which  it  might  ,'-*•--  as  it  was ;  -->---  as  it  would  be ; 
--v- -      as  it  has  been ;  . * .  if  it  were  ;    ' v,  for  the  other ,     . -  ^.  - .    if  it  had 
nm  been ;     U_>y     though  it  might  not  be  ;  ^.  in  the  other ;    «,     for  it  was 

-j--- -    should  it  not  be  ;  - -r -   to  the  other,    v— -^    Pay  the.  money ; 
before  the  time ;   o»    for  tlie  amount ;   .VlTV? .    of  the  same  kind ; 


.Jr^.-.  is  it  not  better.  --^.~-_-    But  to  make  it;  -\--   ought  to  be;      s 
hope  to  find;    \       up  to  that  time ;  wish  to  go;     t — .     sand  to  me. 

a.  TO  is  generally  indicated,  however,  by  writing  the  preceding  and 
following  words  near  each  other,  in  preference  to  halving  a  stem  for  that 

purpose  : ?^_.     Go  to  Boston;  ..X;..      hope  to  be  there ;   ^C     give 

tliat  to  them ;      f\     go  to  sleep ;    j(^       show  it  to  th-em  ;        j  / 

tt-ouble  to  change ;       jsjX^      necessary  to  leave.  \ 

/;.  But  where  TO  is  followed  by  a  word  which  may  be  added  to  it 
by  a  hook,  circle,  loop,  or  other  expedient,  in  accordance  with  these  rules, 
the  better  practice  is  to  write  the  word-sign  for  TO,  with  the  subsequent 

word  so  added  : q..   Go  to  your  place ;       ~ .  .q^.^-      oive  it  to  your 

mother;  ..<^..j—  send  mem  to  him ;  .  :y  _\p._wemt  to  his  room ;    .  r^_  \^/^ 
ride  to  the  market ;    ."^.q.    brought  it  to  you;   .a.l/U..    she  went  to  her 

brother's :         -  y°°d  nwis  to  all  men. 

----- 


GROUPED   PHRASES  81 


c.  THE  may  be  prefixed  to  any  word  or  phrase-sign,  by  an  initial 
Ray-  or  Chay-tick  :  ^  The  law:  's.  the  people;  ..r  ..  the 
application;  ^v  the  form  of  it  ;  <^_e  the  intention;  i.  the  charge; 
^s-  the  language;  ^~^.  the  operation;  ^_  the  affidavit;  __^\ 
the  boy  ;  t^~~_  the  time  ;  ^  the  way;  ./\.  .  tin-  /inn  -ti,-e.  •  J\>  the  person  ; 
..J\.  the  number  ;  V  the  trial;  t  —  a,  the  mnltitnde. 

16.  IT,  THE,  and  TO,  may  l>e  added  by  a  final  tick  struck  at  an 
acute  angle  with  any  stem,  when  it  is  not  convenient  to  indicate  those 
words  in  either  of  the  ways  above  stated  :  J  Attend  it-the  ;  "*".  brought 

it-tl\e  ;    S     believed  it-the;    ~    made  it-tht  ;    .S5.     find  it-the;   ----   around 

«-*~— 
it-the  ;  ^^.  renewed  it-the  ;    .......     in  regard  to  the  matter  ;   r^—^    lend 

the  money.  .'T^.    Mean  to  haw;    7^7^    ki  ml  to  me;    n.  _  .    Und  to  him. 

17.  DID  may  be  added  to  any  pronoun  or  adverb,  by  halving  the  last 
stem  of  such  word  .  .?.  We  did;    <     they  did  ;-     you  did  ;   _J_   she  did  ; 
.  ri  -   he  did  ;    ~\^/*    whether  he  did  or  not.    ->,__      Where,  did  you  go  • 
^^      why  did  you  leave  ;    *+n/\_    when  did  yon  arrive;  ____     how  did 

he;     ^     ever  did  ;    -  —  \.      never  did;     )      xo  did. 

18.  WHATm&\  be  added  to  any  preposition,  the  last  stem  of  which 
is  curved,  by  halving  that  stem  :    rVr7>.    From  what  time  ;    ^^      for  >chat 
amount;      1**^..  for  what  JHtrpett:     ^~\>       in  >rhat  position  ;      ^\.    n-ith 
irlxtt  purpose. 

19.  /is  prefixed  to  any  stem,  by  an  initial  Pe-  or  Ray-tick.     Where 
neither  of  these  ticks  can  be  conveniently  used,  /  may  be  written  with 
theTe-tick:     1)      I  trust  ;    "v-^     Iffuxmberthftianf;     *\      I  perceive; 

^         /  believe  he  did  ;         >      /  mean  to  hi-  .    -*~~-^  -    f  may  not  be; 


I  am  not  KU  re;        £         f  raff  your  attention  ;..£__-../  question 
thai;     S\     I  wiH  not  be;    \     I  hope  .   .*     I  did  not;   f      /  said;  .  .\~ 
I  take  the  opportunity  ;     \>     I  *nj>j>o«r  .        *       /  olijwt  .     \^~^      I  fon/et 
the  time  ;    J     I  xhatt  not  ;  •  -  3-  -  I  should  he  <jhid  ;    <7~_     /agree;   ....... 

I  cannot  yo  ;--,  —  -j--  I  came  there  :  ......     i-iinnnt  I;        V-j.     I  heard 

him  say  xo;      .Su..     if  I  were  ;       !TT..    I  oinjhi  to  <i<>. 

a.  Where  a  final  Te-tick  cannot  l>e  us«d  for  /,  tlie  alphabetic  form  of 
The  diphthong  may  be  joined,  the  first  half  being  slightly  curved,  if  neces- 
sary, to  afford  a  better  junction  \vith  tli»-  preceding  stem  :  .  \.  .  Ax  I  ;  1^ 
did  I  not  ;  •I  didn't  I 


82  GROUPED  PHRASES. 


.  20.  HE  is  written  with  a  Chay-tick,  at  the  beginning  of  a  phrase  In 
the  middle  or  at  the  end  of  a  phruse,  it  may  be  written  with  a  Ray-  or 
Chay-tick,  but  always  at  an  acute  angle  with  the  preceding  stem:  )  He 
was  ;  -*\--  he  would;  .  .  >->^-  he  may  be  ;  -  -^-  -  he  oatvnot  come  ;  -  -J- 
he  should  not  ;  %  lie  sand  he  ;  f  I  said  he  ;  °V>  he  supposed  it  was; 
..d.  ---  he  clam  ted.  --}--•  Should  he  have;  /  wTvich  he  believed; 
__  t.  did  he  not;  .  .AS.-  why  did  he  have;  *s  far  he  would  not;  \ 
before  he  was;  f\_^  I  hope  he  may  ;  ("^  -will  he  not. 

a.  Before  Lay,  HE  should  be  written  with  the  Te-tick  :      /\      He 
will  not  be  able  to. 

b.  If  HE  cannot  be  as  conveniently  prefixed  to  the  word  following 
it,  it  may  be  added  to  the    preceding  word    by   a  Ray-  or  Chay-tick: 

2  Shall  he  ;  ^-~+,  ma/y  he  ;  ^-^/  when  he  ;  _^_  .  why  did  he  ;  ~\  where 
he,  _-y_.  would  he  ;  *v  for  he;  \  before  he. 

21.  A,  AN,  and  AND,  are  indicated  by  an  initial  Kay-tick  or  by  a 
final  Te-  or  Kay-tick  :    .  !  .  A  dollar  ;     7   a  change;    \$.    a  favor;    ~^~f.. 
a  noise;  JT7?T7.   a  mistake  ;  .-^  a  brother;    \      a  belief;  ..-£-   a  jwror  ; 
\.       a  verdict;  ,-\.  a  bank.     _j__   By  a;     V_,     fora;    _rr?_  given; 

TT^TTr?.  in  a  moment  ;  -^Z-  'un-  ti  judgment  ;  ..)..  should  a;  _-V_ 
from  a;  "\  whether  a.  ^~f_  _  An.  instant.  .  .  ^^,  .  .  And  when  did  you 
hear  it;  1  —  ^  and  at  the  tvine  ;  ./  ami  objected;  T^T.  and  for  what 
purpose  ;  .?7\-  -  and  I  may  be  able  to. 

a.     In  a  few  instances,  the  same  words  may  be  indicated  by  a  Te-tick 
at   the   beginning   of   a    phrase,   if  a  better  angle  is  thereby  secured  : 
.  Xo-  -    A  wide  space  ,'...-..-   a  han-d  cane      .  Sy--      An  hour  ago  ;     <-f 
an  accident. 

22.  SHOULD  may  be  indicated   by  a  Ray-tick,  where  that  can  be 
more  easily  joined  than  Ish.     If  a  phrase  be  written  with  this  tick  used 
initially,  the  tick  must  rest  upon  the  line  :       L        It  should  be  ;        t~v 

it  should  not  be  ;  L  it  should  have;  ./^.  we  sho-ukl  not;  _.v^-  / 
should  not  be;..  *^.  .  hf-  should  not  have;..^-  you,  should  have  been  ; 


-    should  have  saul  ;    ^v.  -  should  not  be;  _.^-  he  should  not  know  ; 
v«  \ 

'      '      you  should  have  seen. 


GROUPED    PHRASES  —  SPECIAL   PHRASES.  v.        83 

23.  It  is  allowable  to  use  the  small  hooks  and  circles  on  the  tick  word- 
signs,  but  this  should  be  done  only  by  very  careful  writers:        ?        Who 
wefre  ;   />    who  will;    t    who  have;    4    who  is;  ___  he  is  ;  .?.  is  he;     /a 
has  he  ;    6    he  has;    *\     all  have  been;    J      all  is  clone;  ^y.    on  his. 

24.  OF  and    OF  THE  are  generally   omitted    between   two  nouns 
which  are  joined  in  a  phrase-sign  :    ->J..      Wh<it  time  of  day  ;    .VtT.    what 
ft  i/if  of  night  ;     -_-_&-    u>'ts  of  Congress;    V^      bill  of  sale. 

25.  OR  is  implied,  between  two  sets  of  figures,  when  the  second  set 
is  written  above  the  line.     AND  or  TO  may  be  indicated  by  writing  the 
second  set  of  figures  below  the  line:  ____  /....   Two  or  three  ;     __2JT.... 
twenty-Jive  or  twenty-six  ;    ..£.£.;.    twenty-jive  or  thirty  ;  .J..7   ..Between 
seven  a/nd  ten  ;    ...  -*^2  -   -   between  forty  and  forty-five  ;  .  _"\  .X   .  .  .  From 
eight  to  ten'    ....^^...    fro-m  five  to  .fix  hundred  dollars. 

2H.  Any  word  or  letter  may  be  omitted,  or  changed  in  form,  if  the 
context  will  readily  ami  certainly  suggest  it:  -  (  -  The  other  ;  .  .N^-^- 
np  to  the  time  ;  -^—^  1  nun  rwt  sure;  l-^  it  must  have  been;  -.iv 
ongb>  to  hu,ve  been  ;  Q  it  would  have  to  be,  J  I  dfm't  recollect; 
J  /  <loiit  rerneinbei  •;  4^-^  I  <lon~t  rtrni'inlier  the  time  ;  ^J  dont  you 
remember;  \/x>3  A«w  m  m/iiul  ;  ..^-r--  did  oulutvea/ncoi 


.  -  The  reporter  will  find  it  convenient  to  form  special 
phrase-signs,  where  difficult  combinations  of  words  occur  frequently/  in  his 
work.  This  is  especially  the  case  in  Law  Reporting.  Such  phrases 
should  be  written  in  full  in  the  margin  of  the  notes,  near  the  place 
where  they  first  appear.  A  few  examples  are  given  below  :  "~(_  _  New 

York  Cemt/ral  Rail/road  Co.  (_&  German  Inswwnce  Co.  ^°*-r:  . 
Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company.  .  ^^.  ....  -  Water  Works  Company. 

/"Z2.  Lake  Shore  awl  Michigan  Southern  R.  R.  Company.  ._..  Objected 
to,  a-s  immaterial  .  __  ^^-—  _  Objected  to,  «-y  immaterial  and  incompetent  , 
.  .  f^P.  Objected  to,  as  incompetent  ;  sustained  .  .  .  -t*-  -  -  Objected  to  ;  over- 
ruled,; exception.  J?  Sustained;  exception.  ,?v^^\-  Objected  fo,  an 
immaterial  and  improper  .  /**  Received:  exception  .  L,  Denied; 

T>  OVn 

exception,    /L,     Refused:   exception,   ..L._  Plaintiff  except^1.     J     De- 
fendant excepts  .     o^.   Objected  to,  as  before  .     ^"l/  Entitled  to  recover  . 
^1       Entitled  to  a  verdict  .    "^       Where  do  yon  reside. 


positive  an&  IRcoative  Words. 


U 


V-^^s 


SP 


^-  --  ^<  '-^--N^  -- 


"-Y 


II 


s?~sis_ . TTst^. 


j—  •> 


cr<3 


I  M 

^          ^. 

-C-  -X- 


.:>-  ......  L... 


lis  list  illustrates  the  most  approved  ways  of  funning  negatives 
from  positive  words.    The  Vowels  and  Con-dots  may  be  omitted  in  practice. 


Similar  IXHorfcs  Distinguished. 


Apostle                             /°        0      \ 

-^  ~f             Cost 

Postal 
Patient                               \        .          \ 

<  'cast 
°-€>   ^^t,         *    (  nllisipn 

<  tompaasionate 

Preparation                   *\               r\ 

Collusion 
~^S^C~A./  Corporal 

Proportion                         to    ^     ^ 
Proportioned                  A       A 

(  'orporeal 
(  'redence 

Proportionate                    \^j     \^ 

Protection                      c-          <\     c\ 
Production                    -N_c.  ...V-.A  
Predication                              »t     Lg 

Pertain                             v-  —  \ 

Accordance 

<^>       (^           Plivsical 
-^«—  Fiscal 

^                         \  iolation 
V^tjfe  f     _       Volition 

Appertain                                       \S  
1'rosecute                               °~     \X~ 

Valuation 

9        ^     ci      Support 

Persecute 
I'rominent                        \>'V-J\--v:^^ 

Separate 

.   /\        sr-        Altitude 

Permanent 
Ueaiitifv                                     N 

I        •*          Latitude 
/>    ^,    ~Y     Writer 

Beatify                             ^        (^ 
Abundant                          ^       v 

1     Orator 
"~^~    ^—  V.         In  tact 

Abandoned                             i 

Traitor                                 n                   ,  .,  / 
Trader                              ......   -L—.KK. 

in  firi-ct 

^    PV—  iv-^-t>  indication 

Territorv                                          | 

ATTainable                          |         [ 
Tenable                          «^—i_^..- 

Daujrhter.  debtor            J     i        I     |/ 

Intoxication 

/~1L       ^^V     Invasion 
Innovation 

^1                      Indicted 
^|  —  |.        Indebted 

Auditory,  eilitor                                        ) 
Domination                       \^~    , 

*^l    I  ndated 
Undoubted 

L-*    ^~~bs        Undefined 
""  ludenuite 

^^_ti    .2^      Ingenious 
"^l"  Ingenuous 

_^i     ^A>,       Unavoidable 

""*          "J""  Inevitable 

Damnation                                         V*-£ 

Diminution                      [~^c. 
Dimension                      ra^»J.-.. 

Admonition                                        v"  -^ 

Derision                            ^ 
Dui-ation                          Q-  \^i-- 
Adoration                               * 

fB>etboc>  of  practice. 

.^-\ ....r..  ...ft,: .. ( 


:../. 


4  : 


f 


?s 


^  N 


V 


Lr- 


> J t 


-J> 


'-— -J\"  -y-  -  -  - 


./r.....^3 


--y--^ 


\ 


^ 


.^ 


^ 


METHOD    OF    PRACTICE 


v^ 

U/V    ^     T  ..1....V. 

-*- ---'- - 

- 

4...  =-. 
n....  —.. 

>.....ex 

O 

. 

^    -<r  °^ — s.-:--/ l    "> 

J. /  ^  ...<L>...    *r>    l/l 

c/ { 

t -^ V' 

- 


Malting  for  Spring. 


V 


^l- 


-U- 
_(....:' 


*>   l  -< 


-f--C-J-f- 


^-^-^-^- 


_/L 


irk /...^__ 

..^r...^i. 


Thomas  A.  Johnson. 


Death  of  an  ©nig  Son. 
„£..   ~ <L 


•c. 


r 


V- 


.'—...^. 


L  J 


4     r 


(       L 


(  4 


Daniel  Webster. 


Ipraise. 


...  _ 


.Y-<x 

/"  t/     ^    r 

— %«-+ 

..i_.;s^-,.g.....\.-4-- 
^ ...,^.... ...a  ^... 

^t?.j....y...^  ...-^_...^... 

^^...^^^t,  , 

5rf_.,-.:_y-.rc^-. 
/. .  1-  f    C-.^..-«=«... 

.t... 

L 

I    J.A.  . 

- 
-( - 

»  ...V,..  .._...........vi.,....... 

r  ^...^-°....'irp^...Ta...%...  _jt_X-S:..I?.J=i=:. 

o 

t         V ' 


Sun  Coolino  Qti. 


L..V 


/L 


I    "f 

"  " 


c 


A 


THE    SUN    COOLING    OFK. 


93 


V 


x  V 


v-j 


^   A 


/ 


to 


• 


94 


THE    SUN    COOLING    OFF. 


-K--V-  -r       ^  ••*->• 

i     No     (o  £ 

TL.J  ..,..^...j.....(....S>^. 
&'4rM 

i 

— SLP   -• 

?.-../T.:.:..;JL 

r 

0  y 

.^.^..> 

«•-•     X-— ^-j-V 

(,          -\     ,    v^    (L, 

>•* >--     --<"-- ^--f- 

/3  i 

^    ^   .       ,        .  ~^    || 


JU 


.  SJL  . 


THE    SUN    COOLING    Of  P. 


95 


.V  .. 


96 


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Ube  almanac  /IDafeer.* 


David  Ditson  was  the  great  almanac  maker,  calculating  the  signs 
and  wonders  in  the  heavens  and  furnishing  the  astronomical  matter 
with  which  those  useful  annuals  abound.  It  was  his  custom  to  insert 
sage  predictions  in  regard  to  the  weather  at  different  periods  in  the 
course  of  the  revolting  year.  Thus,  he  would  say,  "About — this — 
time — look — out— for — a — change — in — tlie — weather. "  By  stretching 
such  a  prophecy  half  way  down  the  page,  he  would  make  very  sure 
that  in  some  of  the  days  included  the  event  foretold  would  come  to  pass. 
He  wits  cured  of  this  spirit  of  prophecy,  in  an  amusing  way.  One 
summer  day,  clear  and  calm  as  a  day  could  be,  he  was  riding  on 
horseback.  It  was  before  railroads  were  in  vogue,  and  being  some 
distance  from  home,  Jie  stopped  at  the  roadside  and  asked  a  farmer, 
who  was  at  work  in  the  field,  how  far  it  wa$  to  tlie  next  town.  The 
farmer  told  him  it  was  six  miles  ;  but  he  added,  "  Ton  must  ride  sharp 
or  you  will  get  a  wet  jacket  before  you  reach  it." 

"  A  wet  jacket  ! "  said  Ditson  ;  "  you  don't  think  it  is  going  to  rain  ?  " 
"No;  I  don't  think  so — I  know  so,"  replied  the  farmer;  and  the 
longer  you  sit  there,  the  more  likely  you  are  to  get  wet." 

David  thought  the  farmer  a  fool,  and  rode  on,  admiring  the  blue 
sky  irhich  was  uncheckered  by  a  cloud.  He  had  not  proceeded  half 
the  distance  before  tlie  heavens  were  overcast  and  one  of  tJtose  sudden 
showers  not  unusual  in  that  latitude  came  down  upon  him,  and  in  a 
moment  he  w<ts  drenched  to  the,  skin.  The  rain  was  soon  over,  and 
David  rode  back  to  learn  the,  farmer's  secret  for  foretelling  the  weather. 
By  the  time  he  reached  the  field  again,  the  old  man  had  resumed  his 
work,  and  David,  accosting  him  respectfully,  stated  that  he  had 
returned  to  ask  him  Ivow  he  was  able,  to  say  that  it  would  certainly  rain 
so  soon. 

"Ah,"  said  the  sly  old  fellow,  "  you  would  like  to  know  !  " 
"  I  would,  certainly,  and  as  I  am  much  interested  in  the  subject,  I 
trill  irilliag\y  give  you  five  dollars  if  you  will  tell  me  your  rule,"  said 
David. 


Word  signs  and  contractions  arc  printed  in  Italic-. 
105 


106  WRITING    EXERCISES. 


The  farmer  accepted  1he  terms,  and  proceeded  to  say  : 

"  Well,  you  see,  we  all  use  David  Ditson's  almanacs  here,  and  lie 

is  tJie  greatest  liar  in  the  world,  for  when  he  says  it  is  going  to  rain,  ice 

know  it  ain't,  and  when  Tie  says  '  fair  weather,'  ice  look  out  for  squalls. 

Now,  this  morning  it  is  put  down  '  very  pleasant,'  and  I  knew  it  would 

rain  before  night.     Use  Ditsou's  almanac,   and  always  read  it  just 

t'other  way.     That  is  the  rule." 

That  was  the  end  of  David's  prophesying.     Since  then,  he  has  made 

up  his  almanacs  without  weatherwise  sayings,    leaving  everybody  to 

guess  for  himself. 


Barlp  Hmerican  Oiant* 


The  conduct  of  the  prehistoric  races  of  this  continent,  in  omitting 
to  leave  any  record  wJiich  could  establish  their  origin  and  customs,  was 
extremely  thoughtless.  They  managed  such  things  vastly  better  in 
Europe.  When  the  cave-dwellers  grew  tired  of  tfmr  subterranean 
existence  and  decided  to  die,  they  had  some  consideration  for  those 
wlio  were  to  come  after  them.  They  selected  specimens  of  the  bones 
of  all  the  animals  of  the  period,  and  drew  portraits  of  themselves  on 
the  handles  of  their  tooth-brushes,  and  then  lay  down  to  die,  sur- 
rounded by  tJiese  mute  witnesses  of  their  fondness  for  art  and  animals. 
Thus,  when  the  British  explorer  finds  a  cave-dweller's  skeleton,  with 
its  accompanying  cabinet  of  curiosities,  he  is  at  once  enabled  to  assert 
that  cave-dwellers  were  contemporary  with  bears  and  tooth-brushes, 
and  he  has  the  great  sat i»f action  of  knowing  that  as  soon  as  he  can 
discover  the  date  at  which  the  cave-bear  flourished  in  the  British 
Islands,  he  will  know  the  date  at  which  the  cave  dweller  lived.  In 
North  America,  however,  the  early  residents  were  very  selfish  and 
cared  nothing  whatever  for  the  archaeological  feelings  of  subsequent 
generations.  When  a  mound-builder  died,  he  neither  collected  any 
extraneous  bones  nor  took  the  slightest  care  of  his  own.  If  he  had. 
requested  his  friends  to  look  upon  his  corpse  in  the  light  of  an 
antiquarian  corner-stone,  and  to  bury  it  with  a  box  containing  the 
newspapers  and  coins  of  the  period,  tJwre  would  be  some  pleasure  in 
digging  him  up ;  or,  if  he  had  simply  directed  that  his  name  and 


WKITIXG    EXEKCISES.  107 


occupation  should  be  inexpensively  stenciled  on  one  of  Jm  larger  bones, 
lie  might  have  suved  us  a  great  deal  of  unprofitable  discussion  as  to 
his  real  character.  But  he  did  nothing  of  the  kind,  and  the  result  is 
that  when  ire  find  his  skeleton  it  is  useless  even  to  a  coroner,  and  it 
is  entirely  ^distinguishable  from  that  of  any  common  Indian.  The 
public  has  been  unpleasantly  reminded  of  this  careless  indifference  to 
the  future  on  the  part  of  prehistoric  Americans,  by  tJte  recent  discovery 
of  three  unusually  fine  skeletons  in  Kentucky.  A  Louisville  paper 
asserts  that  two  men  lately  undertook  to  explore  a -cave  which  they 
accidentally  discovered  not  far  from  that  city.  The  entrance  to  the 
cave  was  quite  small,  but  the  explorers  soon  found  themselves  in  a 
magnificent  apartment  richly  furnished  with  the  most  expensive  and 
fashionable  stalactites.  In  the  corner  of  this  hall  stood  a  large  stone 
family  vault,  which  the  two  men  promptly  pried  open.  In  it,  were 
found  three  skeletons,  each  nearly  nine  feet  in  height.  These  skeletons 
seem  to  have  frightened  the  young  men,  for  on  seeing  so  extensive  a 
collection  of  bones,  they  immediately  dropped  their  torches,  and 
subsequently  wandered  in  darkness  for  thirty-six  hours,  before  finding 
their  way  back  to  daylight  and  soda-water. 

It  is  evident  that  these  gigantic  skeletons  belonged  to  men  very 
different  from  the  men  of  the  present  day.  A  skeleton  eight  feet  and 
ten  inches  in  height  would  measure  fully  nine  feet  when  dressed  in 
even  a  very  thin  suit  of  flesh.  The  tallist  nine-foot  giant  of  a  traveling 
circus  is  rarely  more  than  six  feet  four  inches  high  in  private  life  and 
without  Jiis  boots,  and  even  giants  of  this  quality  are  scarce  and  dear. 
The  genuine  nine-foot  men  of  Kentucky  must  hare  belonged  to  a  race 
that  is  now  and  for  some  time  has  been  entirely  extinct,  and  hence  it 
would  be  a  matter  of  very  great  interest  if  we  could  learn  who  and  what 
they  were. 

It  would  be  difficult  to  excuse  the  indifference  of  these  giants  to  our 
rational  curiosity.  They  could  afford  to  be  buried  in  a  gorgeous 
family  vault,  and  could  lure  easily  afforded  to  decorate  it  with  a 
plain  and  inexpensive  door-plate.  It  is  reasonably  certain  that  they 
did  not  obtain  possession  of  so  eligible  a  burial  place  without  paying 
a  large  price  to  the  local  cemetery  association.  But  they  did  not  take 
the  trouble  to  furnish  us  with  the  slightest  clue  to  their  identity.  Tltey 
not  only  omitted  to  put  a  door-plate  on  their  vault,  but  they  failed  to 
deposit  even  a  visiting  card,  or  anything  whatever  bearing  the  name 


108  WHITING    EXKKCISES. 

of  either  of  them,  in.  ths  tomb.  When  we  contrast  this  selfish 
parsimony  with  tlie  generous  consideration  of  the  cave-dweller,  we  can 
only  blush  for  the  want  of  public  spirit  on  the  part  of  the  Early 
American  Giant. —  W.  L.  Alden. 


Stenoarapbers  in  IRew  J^orfe. 


There  are  many  hundred  stenographers  in  New  York  city,  and  the 
number  is  yearly  increasing.  Most  of  them  find  employment  as 
private  secretaries  and  in  offices  and  business  houses,  at  salaries 
ranging  from  twelve  to  fifteen  dollars  a,  week ;  or  as  reporters  <?/law 
cases  tried  before  the  numerous  referees,  at  a  compensation  of  from  tf  n 
to  fifteen  cents  a  folio  of  one  hundred  words.  Occasionally,  an  expert 
is  hired  at  a  stated  salary  by  some  litigant  who  does  not  care  to  depend 
upon  the  official  stenographer  for  transcripts  of  the  proceedings  in 
trials  of  his  cases.  During  the  weK-known  trial  of  Sharp,  the  defendant 
employed  two  stenographers  for  forty  days,  whom  he  paid  at  the  rate 
of  five  dollars  an  hour. 

Official  stenographers  in  the  New  York  courts  are  paid  a  salary  of 
$2,500  a  year,  with  additional  fees  for  transcripts  of  their  notes, 
making  about  $5,000  a  year — and  they  earn  it.  The  work  is  very 
severe,  in  long  trials,  for  the  record  of  a  day's  proceedings  must  be 
written  out  before  the  opening  of  the  court  on  the  following  day.  As 
soon  as  the  court  adjourns,  the  stenographer  hastens  to  his  office  with 
his  notes.  Of  course,  it  would  be  impossible  for  him  to  transcribe  them 
himself,  within  the  time  required,  but  if  he  writes  a  legible  hand  he  can 
turn  over  his  original  notes  to  several  trained  copyists,  who  make  short 
work  of  it  while  lie  seeks  the  rest  he  so  much  needs  to  prepare  him  for 
the  next  day's  work.  Few  of  the  older  stenographers  are  able  to  do 
this,  however,  on  account  of  careless  habits  of  writing  induced  by  the 
defective  systems  of  shorthand  they  employ  and  ichich  they  learned 
long  before  the  present  improved  and  logical  systems  were  published. 
Such  stenographers  are  compelled  to  dictate  portions  of  their  notes  to 
several  other  stenographers,  who  in  turn  dictate  their  own  notes  to  rapid 
typewriters,  the  official  stenographer  dictating  thr  last  portion  of  his 


WRITING    r:\EKCISES.  109 


notes  to  another  typewriter  ;  and  the  click  of  the  machines  an<l  Ilir 
weary  monotone  of  the  stenographers'  voices  may  be  heard  far  into 
the  night.  Men  can  stand  afeir  weeks  of  such,  work  at  n  time,  but  it  is 
sure  to  wear  tJn-m  out  <it  last. 

Some  of  the  New  York  lawyers  are  very  rapid  speakers,  <ind  the  best 
stenographers  are  taxed  to  their  utmost  to  report  them.  It  is  said  t/«it 
many  average  nearly  tiro  hundred  icords  a  minute.  To  report  such 
speakers  for  any  length  of  time,  become*  a  question  of  endurance,  and 
many  of  the  best  stenographers  haie  not  the  physical  strength  to  do  it. 

It  is  not  strange  that  mistakes  should  occasionally  be  made  by 
stenof/rapliers — indeed,  it  would  be  strange  if  they  were  not.  They 
generally  occur  fr<nn  misunderstanding  the  words  of  a  speaker,  or  from 
misreading  the  notes  in  the  hurry  of  transcription.  The  latter  is  most 
likely  to  cause  such  mistakes,  especially  where  it  is  necessary  to  dictate 
the  notes  to  other  stenographers.  PmbaJdy,  the  most  dangerous  mistakes 
are  occasioned  from  writing  the  same  outline  for  tieo  or  more  ^cords 
which  the  context  will  not  aid  in  distinguishing.  Some  systems  of 
shorthand/?/ rnish  many  opportunities  for  such  mistakes,  as  where  the 
words  at  all  and  until  are  written  alike.  If  a  witness  should  testify,  for 
instance,  "  I  was  not  in  Brooklyn  UNTIL  the  first  of  March,"  the  most 
expert  reporter  or  copyist  from  such  a  system  might  readily  fall  into 
the  error  of  writing,  "I  was  not  in  Brooklyn  AT  ALL,  the  first  of 
March."  The  result  to  the  witness  might  be  by  no  means  pleasant,  if 
lie  should  be  indicted  for  perjury  for  making  the  statement  thus 
attributed  to  him. 

Closely  associated  with  the  stenographers  in  their  work  is  a  vast 
army  of  typewriters,  most  of  them,  ladies  of  education  and  culture. 
They  hare  their  offices,  make  eery  good  incomes,  and  life  well.  They 
have  a  uniform  scale  of  prices,  charging  five  cents  a  folio  for  a  single 
copy,  eight  cents  for  two  copies  and  ten  cents  for  three.  Some  of 
them  become  very  expert  in  the  use  of  tlie  typewriter,  and  often  write 
at  tlie  rate  of  seventy-five  words  a  minute,  but  <>f  course  such  a  speed 
cannot  be  kept  up  for  any  great  length  of  time.  Many  of  these  ladies 
are  experts  in  shorthand,  and  are  able  to  take  dictation  from  official 
stenographers,  and  even  to  occupy  responsible  positions  as  reporters. 
They  are  able  to  earn  a  good  income,  frequently  as  high  as  from 
$1500  to  $2500  a  year.  Their  work,  like  that  of  official  stenographers, 
is  often,  very  tedious,  but  it  is  generally  very  pleasant  and  satisfactory. 


Sun  Goolmo  ©ff. 


The-couviction  cannot -he-resisted  that-the-processes  going  forward 
bcfore-our  eyes  aim  directly  at-the  final  extinction  of-the-solar  fires. 
Ilelmholtz  says,  "  The  inexorable  laws  of-niechanics  show  that-the 
store  of-heat  in-the-sun  must-be  finally  exhausted."  What-a  con- 
ception overpowers  and-ovcrshadows  thc-mind  !  We-are-forced-fo- 
contemplate  the  slow  waning  of-that  beneficent  orb  whose  vivid  light 
find-cheering  warmth  animate  and-vivify  the-eircuit  of-the-solar 
system.  For  ages  past,  unbounded  gifts  have-been  wasted  through 
all-the  expanding  fields  of-space — wasted,  I-say,  since  less-tlian  half  a 
billionth  of-his-rays  have-fallen  upon-our  planet.  The-treasury  of- 
life-and-motion  from  age-to-age  is  running  lower-««fMower.  The- 
great-sun  which,  stricken  with-the  pangs  of-dissolution,  has  bravely 
looked  down  upon-our  earth  ever-since  organization  first  bloomed 
upon-it,  is  nevertheless  a-dyiug  existence.  The-pelting  rain  of-cosmi- 
cal  matter  descending  upon-his-surfaee  can  only  retard  for  a-limited 
time  the-encroachments  of-the-mortal  rigors,  as  friction  may  perpetu- 
ate for  a-few  brief-moments  the-vital  warmth  of  a-dying  man.  The- 
time-is-coming  whcn-the  July  sun  will-shine  with  a  paler-light  than- 
he  now  gives-us  at-the-winter  solstice.  The-natioiis  of-men,  if-they 
still  exist,  will-have  emigrated  from-the  temperate  to-tlic  equatorial 
regions.  New  diseases  will-have  diminished  their  numbers.  Polar 
frost  will  have  crept  steadily  and  stealthily  from  Bchring's  Straits  to- 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Continental  glaciers  will  again  have-brooded 
over-the-land.  The  prairie  blossom  will-have  perished  beneath  a- 
mantle  of-snow  as  limitless  as-now  the-prairie  expanse.  The  -fluent 
rivers  will-have-been  chained  to  their  rocky  banks.  The  ruins  of- 
great-cities  will-be  bemoaned  by-wintry  winds  howling  past  in-rage 
at-the-prcsence  of -unending  frost.  If  yet  a-narrow-belt  remains  where' 
sickly  verdure  maintains-the  desperate  conflict  with  the  powers  of- 
cold,  it-is  a  dwarfed  and  arctic  vegetation.  The-magnolia  has  given- 
place  to-the  birch  ;  the-cypress  lias-been  supplanted  by -the  lichen 
covered  fir.  The-cmerald  lias-departed  from-.the  shivering  leaf,  and 
even  the-hardy  violet  is  pale  unto  death.  All  things  have  assumed  a- 


TIIK    srx    C'OOT,IX<!    OFF. 


faded  ami-leaden  hue.  The-Mongolian  is-not-known  from-the-Cau- 
casiaii.  Even-the  sooty  negro,  if-he  be-not  extinct,  blanched  from- 
the-want  of  light  and-heat,  can-only-be-recognized  by-his- features. 
Pale,  thin,  and-feeble,  the-shivering  remnant  of-humanity  have  gath- 
ered themselves  together  into  compact  communities  for  economy  of- 
vital  warmth.  Forests  are  consumed-fo-thaw-the-soil.  Temples, 
costly  structures,  the-patient  rearing  of  the-golden  ages  of-the-race, 
are  pulled  down-^-eke  out  the-scanty  supply  of-fuel.  Men  return-l- 
eaves whence  they  came  in-the-beginning.  Nature  has-bccome-their 
enemy.  Science  and  art  are  forgotten.  The-page  which  narrates 
the-glory  of-the  nineteenth  century  is  like-the  narrative  which  tells- 
us  of  the-labors  of-the-men  upon-the  Plains  of-Shinar.  Y  car-by-year, 
thc-populations  become  less  ;  year-by-year,  the-dread  empire  of  Frost 
is  extended.  Forests  have-been  consumed  ;  cities  have-been  burned  ; 
navies  have-rotted  in-the-deserted  ice-locked  harbors ;  men  have 
immured  themselves  in-gloomy  caverns  till-they-have  almost  lost  the- 
forms  of -humanity. 

.  The-end  arrives.  Unless  some  sudden  catastrophe  shall-sweep-the- 
race  from-being  in-a-day,  the-time  will  come  when  two-men  will  alone 
survive  of-all-the-human-racc.  Two  men  will-look  around  upon-the- 
ruins  of-tlie-workmanship  of-a  mighty  people.  Two-men  will  gaze 
upon-the-tombs  of-ihe-human  family.  Two-men  will  stand  petrified 
at-the-sight-of  perhaps  a-hundred-thousand  corpses  prostrated  around- 
them  by-the-dire  hardships  which  every-moment  threaten  to-carry 
them  also  away.  These  two-men  will  gaze  into  each-other's  faces — 
wan,  thin,  hungry,  shivering,  despairing.  Speech  will-have  deserted- 
them  Silent,  gazing  each  into  eternity,  more  dead  than  living. — an- 
overpowering  emotion,  an  -inspiring  hope,  and  one-w/them  drops  by-the- 
feet  of  the-sole  survivor  of  God's  intelligent  race  !  Who-can-say  what 
a-tide-of  reflections  will  rush  for-an  instant  through  the-soul  of-thc- 
last-man  ?  "\Vho-shall  listen  to-his-voice,  if  he  speaks  ?  Upon  whose 
ear  shall-fall  the-accents  of  his  sorrow,  his  wonder,  or  his  hope '? 
Thrice-honored,  thrice-exalte  d -man  !  lie  stands  thcre-fo  testify  for- 
all  mankind.  ()n-h:m  has  been  devolved  the-unique  duty  of  ntteriug- 
the  farewell  of-the-race  to-its  ancient  aud-much  loved-home.  In what- 
words  will  he  say,  Farewell  ? 

The-last-man  has  composed-his  body -^-eternal  rest.  The-once 
fair  Earth  is-a-cold  and-desolate  corse.  Nature's  tears  are  ice — she- 
weeps  no-more.  The-faee  of  the-sun  is-veiled.  It-is  midnight  in  the 


112  THE   SUN   COOLING   OFF. 

highways  of-lhe-plauets  ;  tlie-spirits  of-Heaven  mourn  at-the  funeral 
of  Nature. 

Let  not  readers  be- distressed  at-this  picture.  The-last-mpn  will-be 
neither  our-children  nor  our-children's  children.  Our  thoughts  have- 
been  wandering  through  cycles  of-years.  The  (.'lock  of  Eternity 
ticks  not  seconds,  but  centuries.  We-shall-not  anxiously  measure-the- 
sun's-intensity  from  day -fo-day,  nor  from  year-to-year,  lest-we  be-able- 
to  discover- his  waning  strength.  The-eml>ers  of -a  bonfire  will  furnish 
warmth  for-the-life  of-an  ephemeron  ;  a  molten  lava  stream  consumes 
a-hundred-years  in  cooling.  The  great-globe  of-the-earth,  which-is 
cooling  now  at-the-rate  of  a  degree  in  thirty  five  thousand  years,  was- 
once  a-sphere  of-molten  granite,  and-it-has  consumed  time-enough  to- 
pass  from-that-state-fr>-this.  The-sun-is  so- vast  that,  though-he  began- 
fo-cool  at-a  still  remoter  epoch,  the  temperature  retained  to-day  is 
forty-six  thousand-times  as  high  as-that-of-lhe  surface  of-our  planet. 
The-epoch  wheii-his  rays  will-be  sensibly  weakened,  is  at  a-distance 
expressed  by -millions  of  years. 

What  thoughts  rise  upon-us  as-we  utter  these  words  !  We-hang 
here  upon-our  planet,  poised  in-the-midst  of  infinite  time  and  infinite- 
space.  Whence  we-came,  we-know-not;  whither  we-are-bound.  hope 
and-faith  only  can  reveal.  We-open  our  eyes  for-a-moment,  like  an- 
infant  in  its  sleep,  and-anon  they-are-closed  ;  or,  perchance,  like  the- 
waking  somnambulist,  in-his-fall  from-the  house-top,  we-rouse  to-an 
instant's  consciousness  of-the-rush  of-events  and-the  coming  crash — 
and -the  busy  activities  of  Nature  move  on  as-if-we  had  never  existed. 

A -few  days  since,  a -friend  exhibited -^-me  a-silver  coin  dug  from- 
the-rubbish  cf  the  hoary  east.  It-was  rude,  irregular,  and  begrimed 
wilh-age.  Upon,  one-side  was-raised  the-image  of -a  Grecian  warrior. 
Above-the-heud,  I-could-trace,  with-difliculty  but  with-certainty,  the- 
Greek  letters  which-^spelled  the.name  of  Alexander.  Venerable  coin  ! 
I-thought ;  and-my-imaginatiou  wandered  back  through  twenty  two 
centuries,  till  I-saw-the  Issus  and  the  Granicus,  and-the  hosts  of 
Darius  melting  before-the-fury  of  the-Macedonian  conqueror.  I  felt 
transported  back  to  antiquity.  But  then  1  remembered  the  Nineveh 
marbles  upon-which  I  had -gazed,  and  the  black  and  skinny  mummies 
that  had  looked  out  at  me  from  Iheir  withered  eye  balls,  and  iniagin 
ation  spanned  another  interval  of  ages  ;  and  I  stood  upon  the  banks 
of-the-Tigris  and  the  Nile,  and  the  forms  of  Sennacherib  and  Menes 
and  Moses  passi  d  before -me.  As  chance  would-have-it,  I-returned. 
and.  passing  through-a  cabinet  where  the  "  medal*  of-ereation  "  had 
been  ranged  in  regular  order,  the  ponderous  molars  of-an-extinct 
mammoth,  dug  from  1  he-soil  of-Michigan,  awakened  a-new  thought. 
By  its  side,  rested  the-skull  of  Oreodon,  with-its  sheep-like  teeth  iu-a 


THE    SUN    COOI.IXc;    OFF.  113 

hog-like  head  ;  and,  bring  in-a-mood  for  revery.  I-thought-of-the  dis- 
tant Missouri  plains  where  Orrodon  bad-grazed,  and-ol'-the-vast  lake, 
thrice  the-size  of-Superior,  from  whose  water  he-had-drunk  and  on 
whose  muddy  banks  had-crawled  turtles  that  could  carry  oxen  on 
their  backs.  And-then  I-remembered  that  thought  had  darted  back 
over  another  stretch  of-ages,  to-a-time  when  God  had-not  yet  said, 
"  Let-us make  man,"  when-the  wide-continent  was-the  pasture-ground 
of  elephants,  and-mastodous,  and-wild-horses,  and  camels,  and-sloths, 
and-qoadnipeds  of -strange  shapes  which-were  blotted  out-of -existence 
before-ever  liuman-rye  had-gazed  upon-them.  Here,  I-thought,  are- 
the  relics  of  -a  genuine  antiquity.  I -sauntered  on,  and-the  teeth  and- 
vertebrae  and-dimly  outlined  forms  of  ichtliyosaurs,  aud-deinosaurs, 
and  flying  lizards,  and-lishes  clad  in-mail,  these  in-succession  passed 
Ix-fore-my  eyes.  And-then  winged  thoughts  flew  back  through  those 
dim-ages  which-we-call  Mesozoic.  I-hreathed  a-stifling  atmosphere  : 
tepid  vapors  rose  all-around  me  ;  strange  foliage  fringed  bayous  of- 
which  1-had  never  heard  ;  neither  bird  nor-insect  stirred  thr-frrvid 
atmosphere  ;  there-wrre-no-forests  ;  the-continents  were  but  just  rising 
from-their  sea-couclies,  and-no  footprint  had  yet  been  impressed  upon- 
their  slime-covered  heads.  And-then  I  thought  again  of-the-silver 
coin  which  bore  the-image-aud  superscription  of-Alexander,  and  I- 
wondered  that  I-had-called-it  venerable.  Why? — Since  twenty  popu- 
lations had  possessed  the-earth  since-the  relics  of-these  bucklered 
riches  had-been  animate  ;  and-this  coin — why,  it  bad-been  stamped  in- 
the  last -part  of-the-lifetime  of-the  twentieth  population,  and-there- 
were  nineteen  before-it  which  bad-become  extinct. 

And  so  my-feet  \vere-lifted  up  from-earth  ;  1-was-pillowed  upon  a- 
bright-cloud,  and  floated  in  eternity.  And  I-saw-the  long  history  of- 
the-world  I-had-left,  stretching  backward  from-lhe-spot  where  I-had- 
left-it  till-it  vanished  from  view  like  the-track  of -a  railroad  on-the 
boundless  prairie.  With-the-flash  of  thought,  I-pursued-it  over  mil- 
lions of-ages,  till  I-saw-it  dissolved  in -fire— till  luminous  vapors  rolled 
up  and  rested  upon -the  bosom  of-infiuite-space.  In-this  cloud  of-fire, 
the-track -of  terrestrial  history  lost  iiself,  and  I-dared  not  plunge 
through-the  flame  in-search  of-a  beginning  ! 

Then  I-thought,  here  at-length  is-the  dwelling-place  of-antiquity. 
What-is-this  which  men  call  ancient  and- venerable  '{  Would  lhat-the 
scales  could-be-removed  from-our  eyes  !  Would  that-the  fog  might- 
lift,  and-that-men  might  once  look  out  upon-the-magnitude  of-thc- 
u inverse,  the-majestic  span  even  of  terrestrial  history — the-might, 
t  he-greatness,  the-wisdom,  the-glory  of -that  Intelligence  which,  at-a- 
glance,  takes  in  all  space,  all-time  past,  all-time  to-come  ! — 
Sketches  of -Creation. 


Cbarcic  to  a  Sun?.* 


Gentlemen-of-the-Juiy :  In-the-case  about-^-be  submitted  to-you, 
you-have  a-duty-to-perform  which-is-as-important  as-that-of-the  Court. 
The-duties  of-the  jury  and-of-the-Court  are  distinctly  separated.  It- 
is-the  duty  of-the-Court-^v-instruct-you  upon-all-questions-of-law,  and, 
first  of -all,  as-to-what  questions-of-fact  you-are-fc-decide,  and-it-is-your 
daty-fo-find  only  upon  such  questions-of-fact  a.s  shall -be  submitted  to- 
you  by-the-Court. 

In-this-casc,  there-is  but  a  singlc-question-of-fact  for-your-consider- 
ation,  and-that-is-the  question  of-the  good-faith  of-the  transaction  by- 
\vhich  Palmer  received-tlie-draft  in-(|iiestion  from- the  defendants. 
Several-questions  of-fact  have-been  alluded  to  by -counsel  in-your- 
presence,  which-you-will-not-be  called  upon-fo-decide,  the-Court  hold- 
ing that-they  arc-not  involved  in-this-case. 

The-question  \vhether  Palmer  was-the  owner  of-this  draft,  depends 
solely  upon-the-question  whether,  in  receiving-it  from-the  defendants, 
he-exercised  towards-them  that  good-faith  which  as-their  banker  hc- 
was-bound-to-exercise,  or-whether-his  conduct  in  receiving-it  was-a- 
violation  of  that  good-faith.  Thc-(|uestion  whether-the  City  Bank 
was-a  holder  of  this  draft  for-value,  is-not  in-the-case.  Whatever 
was-sent  by -that  bank-^-Palmer,  was-sent  without  any-anticipation 
of-this  draft,  and-without  any-knowledge  that-such-a  draft  was  in- 
existence  or-ever  would-be,  or-whether  it-would-ever-be  offered-to- 
them.  I  instruct-you,  therefore,  that-the  City  Hank  was-not  a-holder 
of-the-draft  for-value. 

I-furthcr  instruct-you  that-the-plaintiffs  in-this-case  were-not  holders 
of-the-draft  for-value.  The-law  in-regard-to-the  title-<o-commercial 
paper  is-well  settled  and-well  understood.  A-person  who  takes  com- 
mercial paper  before  by-its-terms  it  becomes-due,  without  notice  of- 
any  defense  existing  against-it,  paying  value  for-it  at-the-timc-he  takes 
it,  holds-it  discharged  of-all-defenses  which-can-be  set  up  against  it 
by-the-maker  of-the  pai>er.  These  three  things  are-necessary,  how- 
ever, in-order-that-the  holder  of-such  paper  shall  thus  hold-it  inde- 
pendent of-defenses:  That-he  shall  take-it  in -good-faith  ;  lhat-he 
shall  take-it  for-value — for-a  con  ideration  parted  with  for  it ;  and- 
that-hc  shall  thus  take-it  before-it  becomes-due.  In-this-case,  there- 
was-no  parting  with-value  for-the  paper,  and-no  pretense  of-it,  or,  at- 
least,  but-a  mere-pretense.  "\Vhen-the-cashier  of-the-bank  said  to-the 

*The  words  to  be  joined  in  phrase-sign!  are  connected  by  hyp'.icn , ;  and  where  to  is 
to  be  indicated  by  proximity,  ii  is  printed  in  Italic. 


CHARdK    To    A    JVHY.  115 

agent  of-the-plaintiffs,  "Ilcre-are  papers  to-the-amount  of -your  depos- 
its, and  here-is-a-check  for-you-fo-sign  for-your-balance,"  did-thc- 
plaintiffs  pay  anything  for-tbe  securities  that-were  at-that-time  deliv- 
ered-to-them  ?  Not  a-dollar.  He-was-asked-to-give-his-check,  and- 
lie  gave-it-fo-stand  over  against-this  payment ;  but-the  turning  out  of 
those  securities  was,  in-polnt-of-fact  and-in-point-of-law,  a-mere  pay- 
ment of-a  liability  which  previously  existed  on-tbe  part-of -the- bank  to- 
the-plaintiff  s — and-tbe  turning  out  of  commercial  paper  in-payment  of- 
a  preexisting  liability  is-nol  a-transfer  for-value.  Such-is-tbe  law.  It 
does-not  pay-it,  and-unless-tbe  transfer  prove-to-be-good,  the-creditor 
still  bas-bis  claim  upba-thc-original  indebtedness.  Suppose  a-man 
comes  to-yoti  with  a  note  of-a  hundred-dollars,  apparently  good,  and- 
offers-it  to-yon  in-payment  of-a  debt,  and-you  accept-it — unless-that 
note  is  collectible,  it  does-not  pay-the-claim,  and-you  still  have-the- 
ri;rht-to-proceed  against-the-debtor  upon-tbe-original  demand.  It-is 
id  veil  to-yon  in-payment  of-tbat  existing  indebtedness,  and-you  take- 
it  only  upon  condition  that  it-is  good  and-collectible.  When-you-seek- 
/ -/-eiiforce-it.  if-the-maker  bave-a-perfect  defense  against-it  in-tbe-hands 
of-your-debtor,  he-has  that  perfect  defense  against-it  in-your-hand.s. 
There  must  be  a-parting  •\vilb-valne  for  commercial  paper,  in-order- 
that  there  may -be  a-holding  discharged-of  defenses  which  otherwise 
would  exist  to-the  paper.  So,  I-charge-you,  as-matter-of-la\v,  that- 
t he-plaintiffs  were-not  holders  for-value. 

This,  you-see,  brings  us  to  the  single-question-of-fact  whether 
Palmer  acted  in  good-faith  with-his  customers  tbe-defendants,  or-iu- 
bjul-faith  aud-fraudulently,  whcn-he  received-this  paper.  If-he-did- 
act  in-bad-faith  and-fraudulently,  that-fraud  reudered-bis  holding  of- 
it  invalid,  and-no-man  could  thereafter  hold-it  in-good-faith  unkss-be 
paid  value  for-it,  which  neither-the  City  Bank  nor-the-plaintiffs  did. 

Come-then  to-the-question  whether  Palmer  took-this  paper  in-good- 
faith  or-fraudulently.  When  a  person  proclaims-himsclf  to-the  world 
as-a  banker,  ready-^-receive-!he  deposits  of -his  customers,  he  thereby 
holds-bimself  out  as-a-mau  of-sumcient  means  to-meet-the  obligations 
be  thus  assumes.  Whether-his-respousibility  is  large  or  small,  is  of- 
no-cousequencc  ;  he-represents  himself  ^"-be  a-man  of-means  large- 
enough-to-meet  these  obligations.  You  do-not  expect  a-banker  to 
state-to-yon,  whenever  you  make-a  deposit,  "Tain  still  solvent.'' 
Sucb-a  representation  was  never  heard  of,  and-is-not  expected, 
because,  in-doing-a  banking  business  aml-taking-the  deposits  of-his 
customers,  a  banker  thereby  represents-that-he  has  sufficient  means-to- 
meet-a  demand  for  tlie-payment  of -such  deposits  whenever  that- 
deniand  mav-be-made.  That-is  wbat-lie-is  bouud-fo-do,  and-that-is 


116  CHARGE   TO    A    JURY. 


vvhat-he-is  bound-to-be.  It-is  -not-neccssaiy  that,  at-tlie-time-lie 
received-these  deposits  Palmer  should-liave  expected-to-fail-to-pay  or- 
to-refuse-to-pay-that  particular  paper  ;  it'-he  received-that  paper  as-a 
deposit,  knowing  himself-to-be  in  such-circumstances  that  if  he- were 
called  upon-to-meet-his  liabilities  he-could-not  respond — moreover, 
knowing  himself- to-be  in-a  position  in-which-he  was  likely  to-be-ren- 
dered incapable-of  meeting  thai-demand  when-it  should-be-made  in- 
Ihe-due  course-of-business — hc-was-bound-to-disclose-that  fact  bef ore- 
he  received-the  deposit.  This  relation  between-a  banker  and-his 
customer,  is-a  highly  confidential  relation.  You  go-to-him  not-to- 
buy-his-goods  and-to  pay-your-money,  but-you-go-to-give-him  your- 
money-to-keep  for-you.  Shall-it-be  permitted  that-a-man  may  hold 
this  confidential  relation  with  customers  and-take-thcir  money  when- 
he-is-likely,  before  a-demand  can-be-made  for-a  return  of-it,  to-sus- 
pend  payment  ?  Certainly-not.  The-law  does-not  tolerate  such-an- 
abuse  of-the-relation  which-exists  bet  weeu-a  depositary  and -his-der/os- 
itor.  Mere  insolvency  does-not  render-the  receipt-of  money  by-a 
banker  fraudulent,  but  insolvency  which-is  hopeless  and-irrcmedible, 
such  insolvency  as-is  likely-to-compel-the  closing  of-the-doors  of-the- 
bank  at-any  moment,  renders-it  improper  for-the-banker-to-continue- 
the  business.  Therefore  it-is  that-the  law  requires-of-him  that-he 
shall-not  continue- to-receive.  deposits,  or-that,  if -he  does  receive  them, 
it  shall-be  with  notice  to-the-customer  of  the-facts  as-they  exist. 
Upon-no-other  basis  could-lhe  business  of-the  country  be  conducted. 
We-are  obliged  to  have- banks  for  the  ordinary  exchanges  of -trade, 
but-thcy  must-not-be-made  instruments  of-fraud. 

What-was-the  situation  of  Palmer  ?  Was-he  insolvent  ?  Yes,  so- 
he  says.  "Was  he  hopelessly  insolvent  ?  Yes,  so-far-as  present  means 
were-concerncd.  He- was  indebted  to-the  City  Bank  alone  in  some- 
thing like  50  thousand-dollars,  upon  notes  which-hc  had  given  to-a 
friend  for  his  personal  accommodation,  which-he  f-ays-he-knew  bad- 
been  used,  though-he-did-not-know  they-had-been  used  at-that  bank. 
But-he-did-know  that-they-were  outstanding  obligations  against-him. 
To-his  customers,  he  owed  over  50  thousand-dollars  for  deposits 
received  by  him.  The-amount  of-his  assets  was  very  inconsiderable, 
compared  with-this  large  liability.  That-he- was  hopelessly  insolvent 
you-will-probably  be  compelled-to-find.  Now,  what-was-his  ground 
of  expectation  ?  He-says-hc  had-an  arrangement  with-the  City  Bank- 
to-furnish-him  money  as-he  wanted-it.  That  arrangement  must-have- 
had  two-sides,  we  should-supposc,  and  so-we  find-the-fact-to-be,  for- 
he-was-to-furnish-the  City  Bank  with  paper  equal  in  amount  to-the 
currency  furnished-to-him.  But-it-was-not  so-much  upon-that  that- 


CHARGE    TO   A   JURY.  117 


lie  relied  as  upon-the  expectation  that-his  friend,  who-was-the  presi- 
dent of-the  City  Bank,  should  "carry-him."  1-charge-you,  as  matter 
of-law  that-a-man  cannot  honestly  carry  on-the  business  of-banking 
upon  a-mere  promise  ol'-another  to  carry-him,  without-some  security 
for-the  performance  of-lhe  promise.  It-canuot-be  tolerated  that-a- 
man  shall  continue  such-a-business  upon-the-mere  assurance  of- 
another,  without  security,  that-he  will  carry-him.  Whenever  that- 
other  ceases-to-carry-him,  there-is-an-end  of -it,  and-the  depositors  go 
\vithout-their-money.  A-man  cannot-do-a  banking  business  honestly 
without-means  or  reasonable  expectation  of-means-fo-do-the-business 
with.  That-is  so-simple  a-proposition  that-it-seems  unnecessary-fc-- 
state-it.  \Vluit-is  common-sense  in-a-case  of-this-kind,  is  the-law  of- 
the  case — and-the  law  must  commend  itself  to-the  good  judgment  of- 
the  jury. 

As  1-have-stated,  the-ouly-questiou-of-fact  upon-which-you  are-to- 
find,  is- whether  this  deposit  was- received  by  Palmer  in-good-faith,  or- 
whether,  under-the-circumstances-of-the  case,  it-was  dishonest  on-his- 
part-k>-receive-it.  1-repeat,  that-it-is-not-necessary  that-there  should- 
have-been  an  intention  in-this  particular  case-to  defraud-the-r.ien  who- 
made-the  deposit  ;  if-a-man  is  doing  a  banking  business  fraudulently 
all  the-time,  it-is-not-necessary  that-he  s-hall  entertain  a  particular 
fraudulent  design  in-each  individual  case  in-which-he  receives 
deposits.  If-this  transaction  was  thus  fraudulent  on  the  part-of 
Palmer,  the-defcnse  is-established,  because  lie  thereby  obtained  no 
title  to-the-draft  in-question — aud-the  City  Bank  obtained  no  title 
unless  he-did.  If-you-find  that-this  was-an-honest  transaction,  the- 
plain tiffs  are  entitled  to-your-verdict  for-the  amount  of  the-draft, 
which-is  $1,059.29.  If-it-was-not  an-honest  transaction,  your-verdict 
must-be  for-the-defendants. 

Mr.  Gillette  asked-the-court-fo-charge-the-jury  tliat-it-was  neces 
sary  for  the-defendants-^-establish-the-tact  lhat  Palmer  mis- 
represented the-facts  with-the  intention  of  deceiving  them,  and- 
that-he  obtained-the  draft  l>y-means  of-such-misre]»resentations. 

lief  used;  exception. 

Also,  That-the  answer  could-not-be-sustained  unless-the  defend- 
ants were  in  fact  deceived. 

The  Court : — I-have-charged  that-the-fact  of  carrying  on-the 
business  was-a  representation-to-everybody. 

Exception . 

Mr.  Gillette  excepted  to-the  charge  that-the  City  Bank  was-not 
a-holder  for-value. 

Also,  to-the  charge  that-the-j^.laintiffs  were-not  holders  for-value. 

Verdict  for-thc-defendants. 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Alphabet,  The, 4 

Aspirate,  The 10 

Circles 13 

Coalescents , 8 

Concurrent  Vowels, 8 

Consonants, 4 

Consonants,  Combinations  of,. ...  Hi 

Consonants,  Omissions  of, 2(> 

Contractions   and    Word-Forms, 

engraved, 63 

Derivatives,  Outlines   and    Posi- 
tions of, 2« 

Diphthongs, 6 

Double-ruled  Paper, — 2 

Foreign  Sounds, 26 

F-V-Hook, 21 

Group  Phrasing, 75 

Halving  Principle 24 

Hooks,    Combinations   of,    with 

Circles  and  Loops, IK 

Introduction, 1 

Iss-Circle, 13 

L-Hook, IT 

Lengthening  Principle, 25 

Loops  for  St  and  Str, . ; 15 

L,  R,  and  Sh,  Rules  for  writing, 9.  14 

M-Hook 22 

X,  additional  Hook  for, 22, 78 

X-Hook 19 

X-hook  after  Circles, 14 

Xs-  and  Nses-Circles, 20 

Xst-  and  Xstr-Loops, 2(1 

Xs-tion-Hook, 24 

Outlines  of  Derivatives, 26 

Omissions  of  Consonants, 26 

Phrases,  Special 83 

Phrasing,  Introduction  to,. 72 

Phrasing,  General  Rules  for, 73 

Phrasing,  Group, 75 

Phrasing,  Simple, 1 1 , 74 

Plural  Xumber,  Expression  of,  14, 15 

Position,  Rule  of, 6 

Position,  exceptions  to  Rule  of,..  25 
Positive  and  Xegative  Words —  84 

Prefixes  and  Affixes, 50 

Punctuation, , 3 


READING  EXERCISES  : 

On  the  Principles 2!i 

On  the  Word-Signs, 4(1 

The  Almanac  Maker, 55 

The  Early  American  Giant.  . .  57 

Jenny  Kissed  Me, 5it 

Stenographers  in  New  York..  ti() 

Method  of  Practice 8t> 

Waiting  for  Spring, KS 

Death  of  an  Only  Son 89 

Praise,  9<i 

The  Sun  Cooling  Off, 92 

The  Guest, 97 

Law  Reporting, U8 

Charge  to  a  Jury, 99 

R-Hook 17 

R-  and  L-Hooks,  Vocalization  of.  19 
S- and  Z-Circles  Distinguished,..  Iti 

Ses-  and  Sez-Circle, 15 

Sh  indicated  by  Circles  and  Loops  14 

Similar  Words  Distinguished, 85 

Simple  Phrasing, 74 

Special  Phrases, 8!} 

Special  Rules  and  Suggestions... .  25 

S-tion-Hook 23 

Tion-Hook .J4,  23 

Ter-Hook ..  22 

Vowels, " 

Vowels  between  Consonants, 7 

Vowels.  Concurrent, 8 

W-Hook, ti 

Words  ending  \vith  L, 71 

Words  ending  with  R 70 

Words,  Positions  of, <i 

Word -Signs, • 1 1. 2s 

WRITING  EXEKCISKS: 

On  the  Principles, 43 

On  the  Word-Signs 4!i 

The  Almanac  Maker 105 

The  Early  American  Giant, ..106 
Stenographers  in  New  York, .108 

The  Sun  Cooling  Off lid 

Charge  to  a  Jury, 114 

Y-Hook 21 


OSGOODBY'S 

PHONETIC  SHORTHAND  PUBLICATIONS. 


MANUAL  OF  INSTRUCTION.  -  -  $1.50 
READER— The  Great  Moon  Hoax  (engraved).  -  -  1.50 
WORD-BOOK— A  Dictionary  of  Word-Forms,  ...  2.00 
SPEED-BOOK— A  series  of  Graduated  Exercises  upon  each  prin- 
ciple. Part  I  (without  Key),  -  1.00 
SPEED-BOOK— Part  II  (engraved  Key),  -  .50 
SPEED-BOOK— Parts  I  and  II  (bound  together),  1.50 
EPITOME  OF  PHONETIC  SHORTHAND,  -  -  .25 
THE  TELEPHONIC  BURGLARY  (engraved).  .35 
PHRASING,  AND  EXPEDIENTS  FOR  SPEED,  .35 
COPY-BOOKS,  Double-ruled,  .31 
COMPARATIVE  BREVITY  OF  SHORTHAND  SYSTEMS,  with  engraved 

specimens  of  all  the  prominent  systems,       -  .10 

SYNOPSIS  OF  PHONETIC  SHORTHAND,       -  .<>5 

.&"'  Any  of  the  above  named  books  will  be  sent  post-paid  when 
ordered  by  mail,  but  all  orders  must  be  accompanied  by  a  remittance 
of  the  price  named  above. 

W.  w.  OSGOODBY, 

ROCHESTER,  N.  Y. 


COMMENDATIONS. 


Mr.  Osgoodby  has  greatly  simplified  Stenography,  and  he  offers  a  book 
that  quick  minds  can  easily  master,  especially  if  they  use  his  Correspondence 
School  in  connection  with  it.  Stenographers  everywhere  endorse  it.— The 
N.  Y  Evangelist. 

Superadded  to  his  altogether  exceptional  practical  experience,  the 
author  has  brought  to  the  preparation  of  the  work  an  intelligence  not  often 
to  be  found  in  writers  of  this  class  of  books.  The  result  has  been  that  we 
have  in  this  system  a  method  of  Shorthand  that  is  now  coming  generally  to 
be  conceded  as  the  best  extant.  In  point  of  celerity,  brevity,  legibility  and 
simplicity,  it  has  no  equal.  The  generalization  of  the  principles  of  the  art, 
as  they  have  been  formulated  in  the  rules  of  this  method,  show  a  thorough- 
ness of  comprehension  on  the  part  of  the  author  that  entitles  him  to  the 
student's  unquestioning  confidence. — The  Railway  Season. 

A  careful  examination  of  Mr.  Osgoodby's  Method— which  is  an  improve- 
ment on  some  that  are  loudly  extolled — convinces  us  that  it  is  unsurpassed 
if  not  unequalled  in  its  principles  and  in  the  arrangement  of  its  lessons. 
It  has  the  endorsement  of  many  experts  and  students  who  have  tested  it  in 
their  practice  and  pronounced  it  the  best  work  on  the  subject,  especially 
for  self  -instruction.— The  Gospel  Banner. 

The  system  is  very  complete,  harmonious  and  practicable.  Its  arrange- 
ment is  excellent,  the  principles  are  clearly  and  fully  explained,  and  the 
illustrations  and  exercises  for  practice  are  as  complete  as  could  be  desired. 
We  have  no  hesitation  in  recommending  it.— Philadelphia  Ko.  Call. 

An  excellent  method  of  Shorthand,  embodying  all  the  improvements 
suggested  to  the  author  during  an  experience  of  twenty-two  years  as  official 
stenographer  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  York.  It  does  not  differ  funda- 
mentally from  Pitman's  system,  but  has  many  improvements  and  advan- 
tages not  included  in  any  other  system.— Baptist  Church  Home. 

In  point  of  speed,  legibility  and  simplicity,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
the  system  is  superior  to  any  other  method.  As  a  self-instructor,  the  book 
is  a  marvel  of  perspicuity,  utility  and  neatness,  and  shows  a  perfect  appre- 
ciation by  its  experienced  author,  of  the  wants  of  the  student  who  aspires 
to  become  a  practical  reporter. — Forney's  Progress. 

We  have  seldom  examined  a  system  that  has  so  many  excellencies  as 
this.  We  are  surprised  at  its  completeness,  compactness  and  clearness. 
There  is  exact  shape  to  every  bit  of  his  material. — Clinton,  S.  C.,  Monthly. 

The  exercises  are  splendid.  We  are  having  the  best  of  results  from  the 
use  of -the  advance  sheets.  They  supply  just  the  kind  of  work  the  student 
needs,  and  they  keep  him  interested.  It  is  surprising  how  well  our  pupils 
are  doing  with  them.  The  credit  is  all  on  your  side  of  the  account,  and  you 
may  be  proud  of  having  provided  such  an  easy  road  to  success  in  shorthand. 
— Mrs.  L.  A.  Kane,  Princ-ipal  of  Stenographic  Department,  Rochester  Business 
Univei  siLy. 

I  have  examined  the  books  you  sent  me,  with  great  interest,  and  think 
that  you  have  greatly  simplified  and  improved  the  Pitman  system.— Prof. 
Peter  T.  Austen,  Ph.  D  ,F.  C.  S ,  of  the  Faculty  of  Rutgers  College. 

We  use  Osgoodby's  system,  because  it  is  thoroughly  practical.  It  is  not 
revolutionary,  but  it  is  simple  and  legible  to  a  remarkable  degree.  We  have 
never  seen  a  work  superior  to  it.  It  needs  but  to  be  seen  to  be  admired  — 
W.  N.  Ferris,  Principal  of  Big  Rapids  Industrial  School. 

I  am  delighted  with  the  new  exercises.  The  plan  is  entirely  logical,  and 
the  student  is  led  naturally  from  one  principle  to  another,  and  with  each 
new  exercise  he  meets  with  a  new  and  pleasant  surprise  in  the  increase  in 
his  power  to  write.  One  of  the  greatest  benefits  from  the  book  conies  from 
the  extensive  list  of  shorthand  outlines  which  seem  to  be  acquired  almost 
without  effort.  —Mr.  F.  E.  Mullen,  Teacher,  Atlantic  Mine,  Michigan . 


This  [the  Speed-Book]  is  a  most  excellent  work.  Commencing  with  the 
first  principles.  Mr.  Osgoodby  carr!e>  the  -indent  through  graded  speed 
lessons,  thoroughly  impressing  each  principle  in  such  a  practical  way  as  to 
absolutely  fix  it  upon  the  memory.  To  each  lesson  he  subjoins  general 
directions  of  great  value  to  the  student.  Part  II  gives  theshorthand  equiva-. 
lents  of  the  exercises  in  Part  I.  The  notes  are  most  beautifully  executed. 
The  work  of  Mr.  Osgoodby  shows  his  careful  and  painstaking  manner  of 
doing  things.  He  has  put  into  these  two  hooks  matter  that  would  have 
required  at  least  three  times  the  space  if  put  forth  by  many  of  our  authors. 
He  has  bestowed  a  great  amount  of  thought  upon  them,  and  their  value  will 
soon  be  appreciated.—  Rational  Stenographer. 

The  Speed-Book  is  just  the  thing  we  want  for  our  speed  classes.  I  am 
very  much  pleased  with  its  comprehensiveness  and  its  systematic  arrange- 
ment.— Mr.  A.  D.  Wilt,  Principal  of  the  Miami  Commercial  College,  Dai/ton, 
Ohio. 

There  is  probably  not  a  more  practical,  efficient  reporter  in  the  profes- 
sion than  Mr.  Osgood'by.  and  in  justice  to  the  cause  of  phonography  we  must 
not  omit  to  state  what  he  has  done  for  its  advancement.  He  has  sought  no 
self-aggrandizement,  but  he  has  put  into  practice,  by  his  own  invention  and 
skill,  one  of  the  best  methods  of  Shorthand  Reporting  we  know  t>f.— Phono- 
graphic Monthly. 

A  most  excellent  Speed-Book— his  latest  addition  to  the  text-books  of  his 
splendid  system.— Isaac  S.  Dement,  editor  of  The  JfaUanat  Stenographer, 
Chicago. 

A  complete  Manual,  admirably  arranged,  and  typographically  excellent. 
A  thorough  examination  enables  us  to  recommend  the  book  to  writ  el's  of  all 
systems,  as  containing  the  results  of  the  author's  experience  in  a  wealth  of 
information  and  sound  advice.  *  *  The  Speed-Book  is  the  last  addition 
to  Mr.  Osgoodby 's  method  for  self-instruction  in  his  excellent  system  of 
phonography.  The  work  will  be  found  useful  to  students  of  all  system-. 
and  as  such  we  can  recommend  it  a-s  an  excellent  generator  of  speed  with 
legibility. — Shorthand  Review. 

The  Speed-Book  will  prove  of  great  service  to  learners.  It  furnishes 
drill  practice  for  speed,  supplementary  to  the  Manual,  taking  up  one  princi- 
ple at  a  tune,  and  a  student  who  follows  the  directions  can  hardly  fail  of 
becoming  a  practical  stenographer.— Philadelphia  Stenographer. 

Mr.  Osgoodby  is  himself  a  talented  and  successful  reporter,  and  in  his 
own  hand>  his  system  has  proved  most  successful. — Phonographic  Magazine. 

I  think  you  deserve  great  praise  for  the  excellent  character  of  these 
exercises.  I  cannot  conceive  of  anything  more  admirably  adapted  to  the 
needs  of  the  student.  *  *  *  What  should  be  done,  is  to  give  the  student 
the  best  exercises  on  the  best  methods  of  writing  rapidly  and  legibly:  and 
this  is  just  what  you  have  given  him.—  Mr.J.  G.  Bowman,  Law  Stenographer ; 
associate  editor  of  The  National  Stenographer. 

(  Kgnodby's  system  numbers  among  its  writers  some  of  the  best  reporter- 
in  the  Eastern  States.  His  Manual  is  widely  known,  and  is  rapidly  gaining 
favor  in  the  hands  of  successful  students. — The  Phonographic  Wtinld. 

I  have  carefully  examined  the  advance  sheets  of  your  new  practice  book. 
It  will  certainly  be  a  very  valuable  book.  It  is  well  arranged,  and  full  of 
meat.  I  want  an  early  copy  of  it.— Mr.  Ruel  Smith,  Official  Stenographer  of 
the  Supreme  Judicial  Court  of  Maine :  author  of  "Shorthand  Numerals." 

I  have  delayed  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  it,  hoping  to  be  able  to  find 
some  fault  with  it.  but  the  effort  has  not  been  successful.  The  book  is  very 
well  arranged,  and  will  be  useful  to  teachers  of  any  system.— Mrs.  L.  H. 
Pochard,  Principal  of  Packard's  School  of  Stenography  [Munsori],  yew  York. 

Your  Manual  is  one  of  the  briefest,  neatest,  and  most  complete  text- 
books ever  offered  to  the  public.  -F.  IT.  Craig,  Pitman  Stenographer. 

I  am  really  delighted  with  your  book,  and  only  wish  I  had  been  able  to 
find  such  an  one  when  I  was  struggling  with  the  elements  of  the  Art.  It  is 
perfectly  easy  to  comprehend,  and  contains  none  of  the  useles.-  complica- 
tions that  are  so  confusing  to  the  student  in  the  older  works.— Geo.  S.  Hull. 
Graham  Stenographer. 


It  gives  me  pleasure  to  say  a  good  word  for  your  system  of  shorthand 
and  your  series  of  text-books.  I  have  been  using  your  books  in  uiy  school 
for  some  time  past,  and  am  much  pleased  with  the  results.  Owing  to  the 
scientific  arrangement  of  principles  and  the  uniformity  of  the  rules,  the 
system  is  easier  to  teach  than  others,  and  more  satisfactory  to  the  pupil. 
-  Your  Manual,  while  brief,  is  unusually  clear  and  explicit ;  and  your  new 
Speed-Book  gives  the  necessary  practice  in  applying  the  principles.  I  have 
been  using  these  exercises  from  the  proof-sheets  you  kindly  furnished  me, 
and  must  say  they  are  superior  to  anything  else  1  ever  used  for  the  purpose. 
This  new  book  will  certainly  do  much  to  popularise  your  system.— Mr.  S.  H. 
East,  Principal  of  Stenographic  Department,  Koerner's  Business  College, 
Indianapolis. 

Too  much  cannot  be  said  in  praise  of  your  valuable  Speed-Book.  A  work 
of  this  kind  has  been  greatly  needed,  and  it  will  prove  a  benefactor  to  both 
teacher  and  pupil,  making  the  study  much  easier  and  much  more  interest- 
ing.- Mrs.  M.  C.  Churchill,  Principal  of  Rochester  Stenographic  School. 

I  consider  your  system  far  superior  to  any  I  have  seen,  not  because  it  is 
fundamentally  different  from  the  best  phonographic  systems  now  extant, 
but  because  of  its  employment  of  the  most  valuable  stenographic  material 
in  the  most  economical  and  profitable  way.  *****  These  features, 
combined  with  its  simplicity,  its  absence  of  exceptions  to  its  rules,  and  its 
entire  consistency  throughout,  make  it,  in  my  opinion,  not  only  the  easiest 
to  learn,  but  also  the  most  practicable,  rapid  and  legible  system  now  pub- 
lished.—John  O.  Bowman,  Stenographer. 

I  have  examined  your  work  on  Phonography  with  great  interest  and 
pleasure.  I  heartily  recommend  it  to  the  beginner  as  the  clearest  and  most 
concise  exposition  of  shorthand  writing  that  has  ever  come  to  my  notice.— 
Milton  J.  Tripp,  Munson  Stenographer. 

If  a  student  cannot  learn  Phonography  from  such  an  arrangement  as  is 
presented  in  your  Manual,  he  cannot  learn  it  at  all.— Theodore  C.  Rose,  Off. 
Stenographer  of  the  New  Y<yrk  Supreme  Court ;  Ex-President  of  the  N.  Y.  State 
Stenographers'1  Association. 

In  my  judgment,  it  is  the  best  work  for  self-instruction  in  Shorthand, 
yet  published.— William  H.  Stevens,  Off.  Stenographer,  N.  Y.  Court  of  Claims. 

Concise  and  comprehensive — of  inestimable  value  to  the  student  who 
desires  thoroughly  to  qualify  himself  as  a  stenographer.— Tints.  R.  GrtMth, 
Off.  Stenographer  of  the  New  York  Supreme  Court ;  President  of  the  N.  Y. 
State  Stenographers'  Association. 

I  have  used  your  system  for  nine  years,  in  amanuensis  and  court  work. 
I  consider  it  by  far  the  best  system  extant,  and  the  text-book  the  most  com- 
plete and  most  easily  comprehended  of  any  published.— S.  C.  Tallman,  Off. 
Stenographer,  Cauuga  Co.  Courts. 

The  most  systematic  work  on  Shorthand  I  have  ever  seen.—  W.  R.  Lans- 
ing, Off.  Stenographer,  Oi/er  and  Terminer. 

To  all  who  wish  to  begin  the  study  of  Shorthand,  I  recommend  your 
Method  as  the  best  text-book  published.— Ruel  Smith.  Off.  Stenographer  of 
the  Supreme  Judicial  Coui  t  of  Maine. 

It  is  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  any  other,  in  rapidity,  legibility,  and  ease 
of  acquirement.—  A.  P.  Little,  Off.  Stenographer  of  the  New  York  Supreme 
Court ;  Ex-President  of  the  N.  Y.  State  Stenographers'1  Association. 

I  consider  it,  for  any  purpose,  the  best  that  could  be  selected  by  any  one 
desiring  to  learn  the  art.  I  have  never  regretted  that  I  selected  it.— Buckley 
H.  Holmes,  Off.  Stenographer  of  the  Mth  Judicial  District  of  Indiana. 

I  have  with  much  care  and  interest  examined  your  admirable  system  of 
shorthand.  It  is  a  relief  to  find  one  text-book  with  not  a  superfluity.  In 
this  respect  it  is  unlike  most  of  our  text-books,  in  which  the  student  is 
bewildered  by  a  mass  of  theoretical  chaff.  I  am  especially  pleased  with  your 
rules  for  phrasing,  which  contain  all  that  need  be  said  on  the  subject,  ;m<l 
which  are  superior  in  every  way  to  any  I  have  seen  before.  The  rules  for 
phrasing  in  the  old  systems  are  always  confusing  to  a  Student.— Wm.  Butler 
Crittenden,  Graham  Stenographer. 


UNIVERSITY  ot  CALIFORNIA 

AT 

LOS  ANGELES 
LIBRARY 


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V 

•'•  U 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

Los  Angeles 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


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08 2p   Phonetic 


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08  2p 
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I 


